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Abstract
Background: In walking rehabilitation trials, self-selected walking speed (SSWS) has emerged as the dominant outcome measure to assess walking ability. However, this measure cannot differentiate between recovery of impaired movement and compensation strategies. Spatiotemporal variables and asymmetry ratios are frequently used to quantify gait deviations and are hypothesized markers of recovery.
Objectives: The purpose of this review is to investigate spatiotemporal variables and asymmetry ratios as mechanistic recovery measures in physical therapy intervention studies post-stroke.
Methods: A systematic literature search was performed to identify physical therapy intervention studies with a statistically significant change in SSWS post intervention and concurrently collected spatiotemporal variables. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool. Walking speed, spatiotemporal, and intervention data were extracted.
Results: 46 studies met the inclusion criteria, 41 of which reported raw spatiotemporal measures and 19 reported asymmetry ratio calculations. Study interventions included: aerobic training (n = 2), functional electrical stimulation (n = 5), hippotherapy (n = 2), motor dual task training (n = 2), multidimensional rehabilitation (n = 4), robotics (n = 4), sensory stimulation training (n = 8), strength/resistance training (n = 4), task specific locomotor rehabilitation (n = 9), and visually guided training (n = 6).
Conclusions: Spatiotemporal variables help describe gait deviations, but scale to speed, so consequently, may not be an independent factor in describing functional recovery and gains. Therefore, these variables are limited in explaining mechanistic changes involved in improving gait speed. Use of asymmetry measures provides additional information regarding the coordinative requirements for gait and can potentially indicate recovery. Additional laboratory-based mechanistic measures may be required to truly understand how walking speed improves.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank Heather Shaw Bonilha, PhD, CCC-SLP for her guidance in the early stages of this manuscript idea. We certify that no party having a direct interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit on us or on any organization with which we are associated and, if applicable, we certify that all financial and material support for this research and work are clearly identified in the title page of the manuscript.