Spray drying of naproxen and naproxen sodium for improved tableting and dissolution – physicochemical characterization and compression performance

Abstract

In this work, the tabletability and dissolution of spray-dried forms of naproxen and its sodium salt were compared with those of unprocessed drugs. Solutions of naproxen or naproxen sodium alone or with HPMC (5% w/w of drug content) were spray dried. Scanning electron micrographs showed that naproxen sodium spray-dried particles were spherical, whereas those of naproxen were non-spherical but isodiametric. Powder x-ray diffraction and thermal analysis indicated that co-spray drying with HPMC resulted in reduced crystallinity of naproxen and higher naproxen sodium dihydrate content. FTIR and Raman analysis showed shifting, merging or elimination of bands in the spectra of the co-spray dried products signifying solid-state alterations. When mixed with suitable processing aids (7% w/w), all co-spray dried powders produced satisfactory tablets in the pressure range 73–295 MPa. Conversely, physical mixtures of naproxen compressed with the same aids failed tableting, whereas naproxen sodium produced weak tablets. Dissolution tests showed significant improvement for co-spray dried drugs tablets. Therefore, since the large therapeutic doses of naproxen and sodium naproxen limit the use of tableting aids, the improved compaction and dissolution performance of the spray-dried forms may be a formulation alternative.

Keywords:

• Spray drying
• compaction
• solid-state
• tableting
• differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
• thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
• infrared (IR) spectroscopy
• Raman spectroscopy
• powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD)

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This research work received financial support from the Research Council, The Hashemite University, Zarqa–Jordan.