Prehospital Lactate is Associated with the Need for Blood in Trauma

Abstract

Background: Traumatic hemorrhage is the leading cause of preventable death, and its effects are often evident within the first 24 hours of hospital admission. We investigated the relationship between prehospital lactate measurement and administration of hospital blood products and life-saving interventions (LSIs) within 24 hours of hospital admission.

Methods: We included trauma patients with recorded prehospital venous lactate transported by a single critical care transport service to a Level I trauma center between 2012 and 2019. We abstracted vital signs, mission type, anatomic location of injury, prehospital administration of crystalloid and blood products, and hospital LSIs started within 24 hours of admission. We used logistic regression to determine the association of prehospital lactate and in-hospital administration of blood products in groups with or without hypotensive patients. We investigated the effect of prehospital lactate concentration on secondary outcomes such as LSIs and mortality.

Results: We included 2,170 patients transported from the scene or emergency department (ED), of whom 1,821 (84%) were normotensive. The median concentration of prehospital lactate was 2.10 mmol/L for the main population (IQR = 1.40–3.30) and 2.00 mmol/L for the normotensive subgroup (IQR = 1.30–2.90). A higher prehospital lactate concentration was associated with higher odds of needing early hospital blood products in the whole study population (OR = 1.12, (95% CI 1.06–1.20), p < 0.01) and in the normotensive subgroup (OR = 1.13, (95% CI 1.03–1.22), p = 0.01). These positive associations were also observed with the secondary outcome of hospital LSIs, and higher prehospital lactate was also associated with higher odds of mortality (OR = 1.32, (95% CI 1.20–1.45), p < 0.01).

Conclusions: Higher concentrations of prehospital lactate were associated with the need for in-hospital blood transfusion within 24 hours of admission. The relationship between lactate and blood transfusion persisted among normotensive patients. Further work is needed to incorporate prehospital lactate into decision support tools for prehospital blood administration.

Key words:

• prehospital lactate
• emergency medical services
• normotensive subgroup
• hemorrhagic shock
• hospital blood use