An Analysis of Prehospital Pediatric Medication Dosing Errors after Implementation of a State-Wide EMS Pediatric Drug Dosing Reference

Abstract

Background

Medication dosing errors are common in prehospital pediatric patients. Prior work has shown the overall medication error rate by emergency medical services (EMS) in Michigan was 34.7%. To reduce these errors, the state of Michigan implemented a pediatric dosing reference in 2014 listing medication doses and volume to be administered.

Objective

To examine changes in pediatric dosing errors by EMS in Michigan after implementation of the pediatric dosing reference.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of the Michigan Emergency Medical Services Information System of children ≤ 12 years of age from June 2016–May 2017 treated by 16 EMS agencies. Agencies were a mix of public, private, third-service, and fire-based. A dosing error was defined as >20% deviation from the weight-appropriate dose listed on the pediatric dosing reference. Descriptive statistics with confidence intervals and standard deviations are reported.

Results

During the study period, there were 9,247 pediatric encounters, of whom 727 (7.9%) received medications and are included in the study. There were 1078 medication administrations, with 380 dosing errors (35.2% [95% CI 25.3–48.4]). The highest error rates were for dextrose 50% (3/4 or 75% [95% CI 32.57–100.0]) and glucagon (3/4 or 75% [95% CI 32.57–100.0]). The next highest proportions of incorrect doses were opioids: intranasal fentanyl (11/16 or 68.8% [95% CI 46.04–91.46]) and intravenous fentanyl (89/130 or 68.5% [95% CI 60.47–76.45]). Morphine had a much lower error rate (24/51 or 47.1% [95% CI 33.36–60.76]). Midazolam had the third highest error rate, for intravenous (27/50 or 54.0% [95% CI (40.19–67.81]) and intramuscular (25/68 or 36.8% [95% CI 40.19–67.81]) routes. Epinephrine 1 mg/10 ml had an incorrect dosage rate of 35/119 (29.4% [95% CI 20.64–36.99]). Asthma medications had the lowest rate of incorrect dosing (albuterol sulfate 9/247 or 3.6% [95% CI 1.31–5.98]).

Conclusions

Medications administered to prehospital pediatric patients continue to demonstrate dosing errors despite pediatric dosing reference implementation. Although there have been improvements in error rates in asthma medications, the overall error rate has increased. Continued work to build patient safety strategies to reduce pediatric medication dosing errors by EMS is needed.