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Research Article

Investigating spatiotemporal patterns, spatial density dependence and fruit quality in a plant-bruchine-parasitoids system

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Pages 130-146 | Received 14 Apr 2023, Accepted 16 Jul 2023, Published online: 21 Jul 2023
 

ABSTRACT

Many of the spatial patterns observed in nature are governed by interactions between species and between species and their environment, providing valuable information about which processes are determinants in shaping ecological communities. In a system composed of Mimosa bimucronata, the bruchine Acanthoscelides schrankie and its parasitoids, we examined the spatial distribution patterns of these insects and fruit quality. We tested the hypothesis that an aggregate pattern of parasitism is predominant, characterizing a direct density-dependent pattern. Because nitrogen, water, and phenols are crucial fruit traits that can affect the fitness of many insects, we also tested the hypothesis that the spatial distribution of A. schrankie and its parasitoids is positively associated with water and nitrogen content in the fruits and negatively associated (i.e., dissociation) with phenols. The distribution of bruchine and its parasitoids varied over time, from random to aggregated. The spatial patterns of parasitism varied between direct density dependence, inverse density dependence, and density independence. Dissociations were found between the abundance of A. schrankiae and the phenolic content, and similar results were found for the parasitoids. Our results suggest that a combination of bottom-up and top-down effects may drive spatiotemporal dynamics between A. schrankiae and its parasitoids.

Résumé

Plusieurs des patrons spatiaux observés dans la nature sont régis par des interactions entre les espéces et entre les espéces et l’environnement, ce qui fournit de l’information utile sur les processus importants dans la structuration des communautés écologiques. Dans un systéme composé de Mimosa bimucronata, de la bruche Acanthoscelides schrankie et de ses parasitoïdes, nous avons étudié les patrons de répartition spatiale des insectes et de la qualité des fruits. Nous avons testé l’hypothése de prédominance d’un patron agrégé de parasitisme indiquant une dépendance directe à la densité. Puisque l’azote, l’eau et les phénols sont d’importants traits des fruits qui peuvent influencer l’aptitude de plusieurs insectes, nous avons aussi testé l’hypothése selon laquelle la répartition de A. schrankie et de ses parasitoïdes est positivement associée au contenu en eau et en azote des fruits, et négativement associée (dissociation) au contenu en phénols. La répartition de la bruche et de ses parasitoïdes variait dans le temps, d’aléatoire à agrégée. Le patron spatial de parasitisme variait entre la dépendance directe à la densité, la dépendance inverse à la densité, et la non-dépendance à la densité. La dissociation a été observée entre l’abondance de A. schrankiae et de ses parasitoïdes et le contenu en phénols. Nos résultats suggérent qu’une combinaison d’effets ascendants et descendants pourrait expliquer la dynamique spatiale de A. schrankiae et de ses parasitoïdes.

Acknowledgments

We thank the taxonomists Valmir Antonio Costa (Biological Institute/Campinas), Zuleide A. Ramiro (Biological Institute/Campinas), Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias (UFSCar/São Carlos), and Jesus Romero Napoles (Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo/Mexico) for identifying the insects (parasitoids and bruchines). The taxonomists Christer Hansson, Michael W. Gates, Steven L. Heydon, and Gary A. P. Gibson also helped identify the parasitoids. We are also thankful to Sabesp (Basic Sanitation Company of the State of São Paulo) for allowing fruit collection from their property. Finally, we thank Luciano Nardini Gomes (Unesp/Botucatu) for his help in mapping the plant branches and Milena Galhardo Borguini (Unesp/Botucatu) and Giuseppina P. P. Lima (Unesp/Botucatu) for their help with the biochemical analyses.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Supplementary material

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.2023.2238456.

Additional information

Funding

This research was funded by FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo) (Grants 04/06737–6 and 06/58173–4).

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