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Research Article

An 8500-year history of climate-fire-vegetation interactions in the eastern maritime black spruce–moss bioclimatic domain, Québec, Canada

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Received 25 Feb 2023, Accepted 03 Dec 2023, Published online: 17 Dec 2023
 

ABSTRACT

The eastern, maritime portion of the black spruce – moss bioclimatic domain in Québec (Canada) is characterized by large wildfires with low occurrence. However, it is still poorly understood how climate–fire interactions influenced long-term vegetation dynamics in the boreal forest of eastern Québec. The long-term historical climate–fire–vegetation interactions in this region were investigated using a multiproxy (chironomids, charcoal, and pollen) paleoecological analysis of an 8500-year sediment core. Chironomid-inferred August air temperatures suggest that the warm Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM; between ca. 7000–4000 cal yr BP) shifted to the cooler Neoglacial period (4000 cal yr BP to present), consistent with other temperature reconstructions across Québec. The shift to spruce-moss forest dominance around 4800 cal yr BP occurred nearly a thousand years before the climatic shift to the Neoglacial period and rather coincided with a shift from frequent low-severity small fires to infrequent but large and severe fire events. Our results suggest that long-term changes in the summer temperature are probably not the main factor controlling fire and vegetation dynamics in eastern Québec. It seems that, throughout the postglacial period, summer temperatures never fell below a threshold that could have induced a significant vegetation response.

Résumé

La partie orientale et maritime du domaine bioclimatique de la pessière à mousse au Québec (Canada), est caractérisée par des grands incendies à très faible occurrence. Cependant, l’effet des interactions climat-feu sur la dynamique à long terme de la végétation dans la forêt boréale de l’est du Québec est peu connu. A l’aide d’une analyse paléoécologique multiproxies (chironomes, charbon de bois, pollen) d’une carotte sédimentaire de 8500 ans, nous avons documenté les interactions à long terme entre le climat, le feu et la végétation à l’est du Québec. Les températures de l’air du mois d’août reconstituées par les chironomes suggèrent que la période chaude de l’Optimum climatique Holocène (7000-4000 ans avant aujourd’hui (AA)) a cédé place à la période froide du Néoglaciaire (4000 ans AA à l’actuel) en cohérence avec les reconstitutions climatiques réalisées ailleurs au Québec. L’établissement de la pessière à mousses il y a environ 4800 ans s’est produit près d’un millier d’années avant la transition vers le Néoglaciaire et a plutôt coïncidé avec le changement de petits incendies peu sévères fréquents, à de grands incendies sévères peu fréquents. D’après nos résultats, les changements de températures estivales ne semblent pas jouer un rôle prépondérant dans la dynamique de la végétation et des feux dans l’est du Québec. Il semble que, tout au long de la période postglaciaire, les températures estivales n’aient jamais diminué sous un seuil qui aurait induit une réponse significative de la végétation.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Christophe Mavon (Chrono-environnement) for his participation in 210Pb dating of sediment-water interface samples, Véronique Poirier (MFFP) for providing us with the bioclimatic subdomain map, Bi-Tchoko Vincent Evrard Kouadio for helping with the coring and data collection. We thank Michelle Garneau and Hydro-Quebec (RDCPJ 514218-17) for facilitating the access to lake Mista and making the fieldwork possible. The Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs collaborated to the planning and realization of the fieldwork. We deeply thank Pierre J.H. Richard for his comments, corrections and suggestions on our manuscript. We also thank Hugo Asselin, the Editor-in-Chief, and two anonymous reviewers who made comments and recommendations that helped us improve the manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Data availability statement

Our data will be archived in an external repository (Figshare) with free access upon acceptance of the manuscript.

Supplementary material

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.2023.2292354.

Additional information

Funding

This research was funded by a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) strategic grant to YB, SG, OB and AFT and a NSERC Discovery Grant to OB. This research was also funded by a MITACS grant to AFT, the Centre for Forest Research (CFR) and the CNRS-INSU structuring initiative EC2CO (“CHAZAM” project).

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