Group cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia: impact on psychiatric symptoms and insomnia severity in a psychiatric outpatient setting

ABSTRACT

Objective

Insomnia, even when comorbid with other diagnoses is an independent health issue that warrants treatment. Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is the recommended first-line treatment. Although the science is clear that CBT-I supports outcomes for those with mental ill health, the routine use of CBT-I in mental health contexts is rare. Implementation research on CBT-I in the psychiatric context is urgently needed. This study evaluated group CBT-I as routinely delivered in a psychiatric hospital service.

Methods

Adult outpatients (N = 76; M_age = 50.20 years; female = 57; psychiatric comorbidity = 69.74%; using sleep medication = 76%) referred for insomnia treatment attended four sessions of group CBT-I. Standardised questionnaires were administered pre- and post-treatment.

Results

Intent-to-treat analysis revealed statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements with large effect sizes in insomnia severity (d = 2.5, r = 0.8), depression (d = 1.4, r = 0.5), anxiety (d = 1.2, r = 0.5) and stress (d = 1.2, r = 0.5) symptoms, quality of life (d = 1.4, r = 0.6), and functional impairment (d = 2.2, r = 0.7). Regression analyses indicated pre-post changes in dysfunctional beliefs about sleep accounted for significant variance in post-treatment insomnia severity.

Conclusions

Results supported feasibility of implementation and real-world effectiveness of CBT-I in a psychiatric setting. Cognitive models of insomnia, emphasising the role of unhelpful beliefs about sleep in insomnia treatment were supported. Future directions include the dissemination of CBT-Insomnia to improve its uptake in psychiatric care.

Key Points

What is already known about this topic:

1. Insomnia is very common in mental health settings but it’s assessment and treatment are frequently neglected

2. Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is the recommended first-line treatment and has been shown to improve mental health outcomes

3. Implementation and effectiveness research is urgently needed in the psychiatric context to reduce the lag time between the scientific finding of effectiveness and delivery in clinical settings

What this paper adds:

1. This effectiveness study found that a four session, group CBT-I intervention was highly effective in a psychiatric setting with mixed mental health presentations and medication use.

2. CBT-I lead to large improvements in insomnia, mood, anxiety, stress, quality of life and functional impairment.

3. Treatment with CBT-I appears to optimise a broad range of outcomes in psychiatric care.

KEYWORDS:

• Cognitive behavioural therapy
• patient reported outcomes
• program effectiveness
• insomnia
• psychiatric care, implementation research

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Data availability statement

Raw data were generated at The Marian Centre, Perth, WA. Permission to make these data publically available would be upon approval by the centre.

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by Curtin University Human Research Ethics Committee (HRE2018–0203)

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.