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Abstract
A number of publications have provided evidence that exercise and physical activity are linked to the activation, mobilization, and differentiation of various types of stem cells. Exercise may improve organ regeneration and function. This review summarizes mechanisms by which exercise contributes to stem cell‐induced regeneration in the cardiovascular and the skeletal muscle system. In addition, it discusses whether exercise may improve and support stem cell transplantation in situations of cardiovascular disease or muscular dystrophy.
| Ang2 | = | Angiopoietin |
| BM | = | Bone marrow |
| BV | = | Blood vessel |
| CXCR4 | = | SDF‐1 receptor |
| DC | = | Differentiated cell |
| EC | = | Endothelial cell |
| ECM | = | Extracellular matrix |
| EGF | = | Epidermal growth factor |
| eNOS | = | Endothelial NO‐Synthase |
| EPC | = | Endothelial progenitor cell |
| EPO | = | Erythropoietin |
| FGF | = | Fibroblast Growth Factor |
| HGF | = | Hepatocyte growth factor |
| HIF‐1 | = | Hypoxia‐induced factor |
| ICAM‐1 | = | Intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 |
| IGF‐1 | = | Insulin‐like growth factor |
| IL‐6 | = | Interleukin‐6 |
| M‐cadherin | = | Calcium‐dependent intercellular adhesion molecule |
| MGF | = | Mechano growth factor |
| mKitL | = | Membrane Kit‐ligand |
| MMP | = | Matrix metalloproteinase |
| MRF | = | Myogenic regulatory factor |
| MSC | = | Mesenchymal stem cell |
| NO | = | Nitric oxide |
| PDGF | = | Platelet‐derived growth factor |
| PECAM‐1 | = | Platelet‐endothelial cell adhesion molecule‐1 |
| SDF‐1 | = | Stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 |
| sKitL | = | Soluble Kit‐ligand |
| SOD | = | Superoxide dismutase |
| VCAM‐1 | = | Vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 |
| VEGF | = | Vascular endothelial growth factor |
| Ang2 | = | Angiopoietin |
| BM | = | Bone marrow |
| BV | = | Blood vessel |
| CXCR4 | = | SDF‐1 receptor |
| DC | = | Differentiated cell |
| EC | = | Endothelial cell |
| ECM | = | Extracellular matrix |
| EGF | = | Epidermal growth factor |
| eNOS | = | Endothelial NO‐Synthase |
| EPC | = | Endothelial progenitor cell |
| EPO | = | Erythropoietin |
| FGF | = | Fibroblast Growth Factor |
| HGF | = | Hepatocyte growth factor |
| HIF‐1 | = | Hypoxia‐induced factor |
| ICAM‐1 | = | Intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 |
| IGF‐1 | = | Insulin‐like growth factor |
| IL‐6 | = | Interleukin‐6 |
| M‐cadherin | = | Calcium‐dependent intercellular adhesion molecule |
| MGF | = | Mechano growth factor |
| mKitL | = | Membrane Kit‐ligand |
| MMP | = | Matrix metalloproteinase |
| MRF | = | Myogenic regulatory factor |
| MSC | = | Mesenchymal stem cell |
| NO | = | Nitric oxide |
| PDGF | = | Platelet‐derived growth factor |
| PECAM‐1 | = | Platelet‐endothelial cell adhesion molecule‐1 |
| SDF‐1 | = | Stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 |
| sKitL | = | Soluble Kit‐ligand |
| SOD | = | Superoxide dismutase |
| VCAM‐1 | = | Vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 |
| VEGF | = | Vascular endothelial growth factor |