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Feature Articles

The Inescapable Corporeality of Occupation: Integrating Merleau-Ponty into the Study of Occupation

, &
Pages 222-233 | Accepted 24 Oct 2017, Published online: 08 Nov 2017
 

ABSTRACT

Since the time of Descartes, western science has tended to separate and prioritize the mind over the body when studying human behavior. Consequently, the corporeal dimension of human activity is often overlooked in studies of participation in meaningful occupation. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the body's fundamental and active role in sensory perception and to encourage occupational scientists to consider the body as an intelligent and intentional repository of experiential knowledge that is predisposed to draw an actor towards particular behaviors at a pre-reflective level. To achieve this end, we present a focused discussion on Merleau-Ponty's concepts of the corporeality of perception, grip, coupling, écart, and reversibility. These concepts enable occupational scientists to consider perception and action as phenomena that are predicated on an active body that incorporates experiences of participation in occupation. Merleau-Ponty's philosophy portrays the body as a sediment of past experiences which structure an actor's perceptual orientation including the meaning-directions and the intentional arcs that the actor tends to identify among the environment. We argue that Merleau-Ponty's work is complementary to the philosophies of Dewey and Bourdieu while adding a nuanced perspective on the micro-level social processes invoked by participation in occupation.

自从笛卡尔时代以来,西方科学在研究人类行为时倾向于将心灵和身体分开,并优先考虑身体。因此,在关于参与有意义的休闲的研究中往往忽视了人类活动的物质层面。本文的目的是强调身体在感官认知中的基本的和积极的作用,并鼓励休闲科学家将身体视为一种智能和有意识的经验知识库,这种知识库倾向于在预反射等级上将行为者引向某种特定行为。为达到这个目的,我们就梅洛 - 庞蒂关于知觉、握力、耦合、差距和可逆性等肉体概念进行了重点讨论。这些概念使休闲科学家能够将认知和行动视为一种根据积极参与休闲经历的动态身体所预测的现象。梅洛 - 庞蒂的哲学把身体描绘成过去经验的沉淀物,它构成了行为者的感性取向,包括行为者想在环境中识别的意义-方向和意识弧。我们认为,梅洛 - 庞蒂的研究是对杜威和布迪厄哲学的补充,同时为参与休闲所引发的微观社会过程增加了一个微小视角。

Tratándose del estudio del comportamiento humano, desde tiempos de Descartes la ciencia occidental ha tendido a separar y priorizar la mente sobre el cuerpo. Por ello, los estudios relativos a la participación en ocupaciones significativas a menudo pasan por alto la dimensión corporal de la actividad humana. El presente artículo se propuso destacar el rol fundamental y activo del cuerpo, en tanto responsable de la percepción sensorial, y motivar a los científicos ocupacionales a reparar en éste como un repositorio inteligente e intencional de conocimientos vivenciales que tiende a impulsar a los actores a desarrollar comportamientos particulares a nivel prerreflexivo. Para lograr este cometido presentamos una discusión centrada en los conceptos articulados por Merleau-Ponty sobre la corporeidad de la percepción: sujeción, acoplamiento, divergencia [>écart>] y reversibilidad. Estos conceptos permiten a los científicos ocupacionales concebir la percepción y la acción como fenómenos que requieren un cuerpo activo que incorpore experiencias de participación en la ocupación. La filosofía de Merleau-Ponty caracteriza al cuerpo como un sedimento de vivencias experimentadas en el pasado que estructura la orientación perceptiva del actor, incluyendo aquella vinculada a los significados-direcciones y los arcos intencionales que éste identifica en su entorno. Sostenemos que las obras de Merleau-Ponty complementan las filosofías de Dewey y Bourdieu, añadiendo una perspectiva matizada sobre aquellos procesos sociales a nivel micro que se invocan a través de la participación en la ocupación.

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Corrigendum

Acknowledgments

We thank Nancy Bagatell, Virginia Dickie, Monica Huang, and Benjamin Triplett for providing feedback to a draft of this manuscript. We also thank Yun-Ju Chen for discussions that contributed to the content of this paper.

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