Abstract
Reprogramming of a differentiated cell into a cell capable of giving rise to many different cell types, a pluripotent cell, which in turn could repopulate or repair sick or damaged tissue, would present beneficial applications in regenerative medicine. Somatic cell nuclear transfer may offer this possibility, but technical hurdles and ethical frameworks currently prevent application of this technology in several countries. As a result, alternative strategies to reprogramming cell fate are being developed. This review briefly addresses somatic cell nuclear transfer and focuses on recent non-nuclear transfer-based approaches for reprogramming somatic cells and enhancing their differentiation potential. These include the fusion of somatic cells with embryonic stem cells, the treatment of somatic cells with extract of pluripotent cells and the retroviral transduction of somatic cells to overexpress pluripotency genes.