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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank all our interview informants and everyone else who helped facilitate our fieldwork in the southern border region, both during and after the 2023 election campaign.
Notes
1 McCargo Citation2008, 13–18.
2 McCargo Citation2006, 40–41.
3 McCargo, Saowanee and Desatova 2016, 84–87.
4 Technically speaking, the one Democrat MP elected in Pattani district 4 is on the opposition benches.
5 For full election results, see https://election66.thaipbs.or.th/result/en.
6 Interview with Ameenoh Arong, Move Forward candidate for Narathiwat District 1, May 3, 2023.
7 Prachachart won well over fifty percent of the party list vote in three constituencies. In contrast, Move Forward’s strongest party list performance was 30.52 percent in Pattani District 1.
8 Daungyewa Citation2019, 212.
9 BBC Thai Citation2019.
10 Interview with Anwar Salaeh, April 29, 2023. Anwar’s alienation from the Democrats and growing proximity to Palang Pracharat was openly discussed in the media in late 2022. Cf. Siam Rath Citation2022.
11 “คืนชีวิตอิสระภาพให้เพื่อนพี่น้องจังหวัดชายแดนใต้,” April 27, 2023: https://fb.watch/nl3kwxTXnn/.
12 Most of the 461 posted comments on the Prawit videoclip were negative.
13 Siam Rath Citation2023.
14 Isra News Agency Citation2023a.
15 Interview with Adilan Ali-is-hoh, August 17, 2019.
16 Interview with Anwar Useng, August 5, 2023.
17 See McCargo Citation2008, 63–70.
18 Pechdau even issued a campaign card in which she claimed to have spoken more often in parliament than any other MP from the border region.
19 Interview with Pechdau Tohmeena, May 1, 2023.
20 Interview with Worawit Baru, April 29, 2023. For a few weeks in early 2023, both Worawit and Arun’s images appeared on posters around the district, each claiming to be the real prospective Prachachart candidate – clear evidence of dysfunctional decision-making processes inside Prachachart.
21 Interview with Pechdau, August 4, 2023.
22 Termsak Citation2023.
23 For example, Democrats and Prachachart. See Isra News Agency Citation2023b.
24 Interview with Pechdau, August 18, 2019.
25 See The Chapati, Facebook, https://fb.watch/kgl_KXfFSR/?mibextid=RUbZ1.
26 Interview with Najmuddin Umur, May 2, 2023.
27 Interview with Abdulkohhar Awaeputeh, May 3, 2023.
28 Wan Nor has also served, at different times, as Minister of Communications, Minister of the Interior, and Minister of Agriculture. He held high political office almost continuously between 1995 and 2005.
29 Rusdy is a former MCOT TV news reporter. See his YouTube channel, https://www.youtube.com/@MuhammadRusdySH/about
30 Rusdy is thirty-three. After the election he was appointed assistant secretary to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, Wan Nor. See Isra News Agency Citation2023c.
31 Move Forward representatives vigorously dispute these claims. Duncan McCargo visit to Move Forward Party headquarters, September 1, 2023.
32 MGR Online Citation2008.
33 Interview with Tawee Sodsong, August 26, 2019.
34 Meechai et al. Citation2019.
35 To be fair, the two figures are not precisely comparable, since the 2019 election used a single ballot system for both constituency and party list votes, while the 2023 figure is for the party list only.
36 Interview with Artef Sokho, August 28, 2023.
37 The Nation Citation2023.
38 See Puangthong Citation2021.
39 See McCargo and Anyarat Citation2020.
40 Interview with Romadon Panjor, Pattani, April 30, 2023.
41 Interview with Anwar Useng, August 5, 2023.
42 Interview with Ameenoh Arong, May 3, 2023.
43 The party won twenty-three percent, twenty-four percent, and 20.8 percent of the vote in Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat, respectively. See Thai PBS Citation2023a.
44 Interview with Romadon Panjor, April 30, 2023.
45 Interview with Anwar Useng, August 5, 2023.
46 Prachatai 2022.
47 For details see Vote 62, Citation2023.
48 Interview with Kannawee Subsang, April 29, 2023.
49 For example see, Tangkwar Subsaeng, Facebook, May 20, 2023.
50 Interview with Hakim Pongtikor, May 2, 2023.
51 MGR Online Citation2023.
52 Sirayarpat Citation2023.
53 The Standard Citation2023.
54 Artef Sohko, Facebook, June 10, 2023.
55 Interview with Kannavee.
56 Thai PBS Citation2023b.
57 National News Bureau of Thailand Citation2023.
58 Chanintira Citation2023, 158-161.
59 BBC Thai Citation2023.
60 Isra News Agency Citation2023d.
61 Isra News Agency Citation2023e.
62 Ibid.
63 Isra News Agency Citation2023f.
64 Thai News Agency Citation2023.
65 ข่าวข้นคนข่าว, The Nation TV, September 21, 2023.
66 Prachatai Citation2023a.
67 Isra News Agency Citation2023g.
68 The Matter Citation2023.
69 Golok Spotlight, Facebook, July 31, 2023.
70 Thai Rath Citation2023.
71 Romadon Panjor, Facebook, August 4, 2023.
72 Kannavee’s popularity on social media has been largely unaffected by the various controversies in which he has been involved in the aftermath of the election.
Additional information
Funding
Notes on contributors
Duncan McCargo
Duncan McCargo is a professor of global affairs at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. His books on Thailand include the award-winning Tearing Apart the Land: Islam and Legitimacy in Southern Thailand (Cornell 2008), and Future Forward: The Rise and Fall of a Thai Political Party, coauthored with Anyarat Chattharakul (NIAS Press 2020). For more information, see his website: thaipolitics.leeds.ac.uk
Chanintira na Thalang
Chanintira na Thalang is an associate professor of political science at Thammasat University. Her current research interests include global international relations, ethnic conflicts, and security in Southeast Asia. She is the author of a number of books written in Thai. She has also published in English in a variety of academic journals including International Affairs, Nations and Nationalism, Asian Survey, Electoral Studies, the Australian Journal of International Affairs, Asian Ethnicity, The Pacific Review and Contemporary Southeast Asia.