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ABSTRACT
Introduction: Tamoxifen, as an essential therapeutic tool in the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, has been available for the past three decades and is currently being utilized as a chemo-preventive agent for patients at high risk for breast carcinoma. However, the induction of chemo-resistance during therapy has indicated a significant challenge with regards to this agent.
Areas covered: This review enumerates the role of MUC1-C proto-oncogene in tamoxifen resistance and describes a number of signaling pathways by which MUC1-C would mediate the development of resistance. Finally, recent clinical studies conducted on the magnitude of MUC1 in inducing tamoxifen resistance are described.
Expert commentary: Mucin 1, or MUC1, is aberrantly overexpressed on the entire tumor cell surface of most human cancers. Thus, it may result in the upregulation of several signaling pathways, such as growth cascades related to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), β-catenin and E-cadherin, as well as promoting gene transcription of Ras-related protein Rab-31 in order to mediate tumor growth control in response to tamoxifen. On the contrary, MUC1 suppresses apoptotic events, which in turn impresses upon cell fate. Also, it has been demonstrated that silencing MUC1-C proto-oncogene is associated with increased sensitivity to tamoxifen-induced growth inhibitors.
Acknowledgements
Study conception and design: Keivan Majidzadeh-A; acquisition of data: Leila Farahmand; analysis and interpretation of data: Reyhane Ghadirian, Parnaz Merikhian and Sepideh Mansouri; drafting of manuscript: Parnaz Merikhian. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of Zahra S. Mesbah Moosavi for her assistance in editing the manuscript.
Declaration of interest
The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.