Design and synthesis of benzothiazole-based SLC-0111 analogues as new inhibitors for the cancer-associated carbonic anhydrase isoforms IX and XII

Abstract

In this work, different series of benzothiazole-based sulphonamides 8a-c, 10, 12, 16a-b and carboxylic acids 14a-c were developed as novel SLC-0111 analogues with the goal of generating potent carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors. The adopted strategy involved replacing the 4-fluorophenyl tail in SLC-0111 with a benzothiazole motif that attached to the ureido linker to produce compounds 8c and its regioisomers 8a-b. In addition, the ureido spacer was elongated by methylene or ethylene groups to afford the counterparts 10 and 12. In turn, the primary sulfamoyl zinc binding group (ZBG) was either substituted or replaced by carboxylic acid functionality in order to provide the secondary sulphonamide-based SLC-0111 analogues 16a-b, and the carboxylic acid derivatives 14a-c, respectively. All compounds (8a-c, 10, 12, 14a-c and 16a-b) were tested for their ability to inhibit CA isoforms CA I, II, IX and XII. Additionally, the in vitro anticancer properties of the developed CAIs were evaluated.

Keywords:

• Metalloenzymes
• sulphonamides
• anticancer agents
• hypoxic tumours
• ureido derivatives

Introduction

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are family of ubiquitous zinc-metalloenzymes present in the whole organisms¹. These enzymes catalyse the essential conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and proton in a crucial process accountable for diverse cellular activities such as electrolyte secretion, bone resorption, maintenance of acid-base balance, gluconeogenesis, CO₂ and pH homeostasis, calcification and tumorgenicity^2–4. The human CAs (hCAs) are relevant to α-CAs isozymes and sub-categorized into fifteen isoforms displaying distinct cellular distribution, levels of expression, kinetics and molecular features^5,6. Of special interest, the catalytic activity of CAs I-IV, VA, VB, VI, VII, IX, XII-XIV isoforms is due to the presence of three histidine residues in the active site in coordination with zinc⁷. Furthermore, hCAs are classified upon cellular distribution into cytosolic (hCAs I, II, III, VII and XIII), trans membrane (hCAs IV, IX, XII, and XIV), mitochondrial (hCAs VA and VB), and hCA VI is secreted in milk and saliva^8,9. The abnormal levels of these enzymes have been associated with many diseases; thus inhibitors of the CAs have potential applications in the treatment of glaucoma, edoema, obesity and mental problems^1,7,9,10.

Interestingly, the trans-membranal hCA IX and XII have shown diverse peculiarities over the other isoforms. hCA IX/XII isozymes have shown elevated expression in tumour cells and are associated to hypoxic solid tumours inducing tumour growth and metastasis^11,12. Accordingly, the extremely desired selective inhibition of cancer-associated hCA IX/XII has been described as cutting-edge approach for the discovery of new small molecules for cancer treatment^13–19. As a consequence, several approaches have been employed to develop selective inhibitors for hCA IX/XII. Strikingly, tail approach stood out as the most successful and effective tool to improve the potency and selectivity of sulphonamide-based carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs)²⁰. In this context, tail approach has been devoted to generate selective sulphonamide CAIs which involves grafting of different molecular motifs (tails) to the aromatic/heterocyclic ring bearing a zinc binding group (ZBG) through a flexible spacer^21,22.

The ureido benzenesulfonamide SLC-0111 (Figure 1) has been developed utilising the tail approach as the first-in-class hCA IX inhibitor which, for the management of metastatic hypoxic solid tumours, is currently being investigated within phase I/II clinical trials^3,23,24. To date, numerous SLC-0111 analogues have been described with the prime aim to enhance potency and selectivity towards hCA IX exploiting bioisosteric replacement approach via replacement of the SLC-0111aryl tail by various sets of chemical scaffolds (Figure 1) like benzofuran I²³, thiazolo[3,2-a]benzimidazole II²⁵, triazine III²⁶, thiazole IV, and thiadiazole V²⁷. In addition, the replacement of the ureido linker in SLC-0111 with another spacers (Figure 1) for instance, thioureido VI¹⁴, enaminone VII²⁸ and sulfonylpropanamide VIII³ was adopted for developing novel SLC-0111 analogous. Remarkably, these strategies resulted in an enhancement of tumour-associated hCA IX inhibitory action.

Figure 1. SLC-0111 chemical structure, and some of the previously reported SLC-0111 analogues.

The aforesaid results motivated our research interest to adopt the tail approach for the development of new SLC-0111 analogues featured with potent and selective hCA IX/XII inhibitory influence. In the herein study, the benzothiazole motif has been appended to the ureido linker rather than the phenyl tail in SLC-0111 in order to provide the target inhibitor 8c (Figure 2). Thereafter, the regioisomers 8a-b were designed through shifting of sulfamoyl functionality in 8c to ortho and para positions, respectively (Figure 2). In addition to this, the ureido spacer in the SLC-0111 analogue 8c was lengthened by either methylene or ethylene groups, which resulted in the counterparts 10 and 12, respectively. Moreover, the functionality of the primary ZBG was either replaced by carboxylic acid or it was substituted in order to produce the carboxylic acid derivatives 14a-c and the secondary sulphonamide-based SLC-0111 analogues 16a-b, respectively.

Figure 2. Design of the target benzothiazole-based SLC-0111 analogues as CAIs.

The target benzothiazole-based SLC-0111 analogues 8a-c, 10, 12, 14a-c and 16a-b were developed and screened for their inhibitory impact towards CA I, II, IX and XII isoforms. Furthermore, the designed CAIs were assessed for their potential in vitro anticancer effects.

Experimental

Chemistry

General

Uncorrected melting points were measured using a Stuart melting point device. In addition, the Schimadzu FT-IR 8400S spectrophotometer was used to record the IR spectra, whereas the Bruker spectrophotometer (400 MHz) was used to record the NMR spectra. ¹³C NMR spectra were run at 100 MHz in deuterated dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO-d₆). All coupling constant (J) values are reported in hertz. Both ethyl 1,3-benzothiazole-2-carboxylate 3 and benzo[d]thiazole-2-carbohydrazide 4 were prepared as previously reported²⁹.

Ethyl benzo[d]thiazole-2-carboxylate 3

White crystals, m.p. = 69–72 °C (reported m.p. = 68–69 °C)²⁹, yield = 77%.

Benzo[d]thiazole-2-carbohydrazide 4

White crystals, m.p. = 174–175 °C (reported m.p. = 173–174 °C)²⁹, yield = 84%.

General procedures for the preparation of target benzothiazole-derived sulphonamides 8a-c, 10, 12, 16a-b and the carboxylic acids 14a-c

A mixture of benzo[d]thiazole-2-carbohydrazide 4 (0.58 g, 3 mmol) and sodium nitrite (0.41 g, 6 mmol) in glacial acetic acid was stirred in an ice bath for 2 h. Azide 4 was produced by air-drying the generated solid, washing it with water (3 × 4 mL), and collecting it using filtration. Azide 4 was then heated for 30 min at reflux in dry xylene. To the prepared xylene solution, the appropriate amine derivative (aminobenzenesulfonamides 7a-c, 4-(aminomethyl)benzenesulfonamide 9, 4–(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonamide 11, aminobenzoic acids 13a-c, and secondary sulphonamides 15a-b) was added. After being refluxed for four hours, the reaction mixture was allowed to settle down to room temperature. The desired benzothiazole sulphonamides and carboxylic acids were obtained by filtering, washing the formed precipitate with methylene chloride (3 × 3 mL), drying it, and recrystallizing it from isopropyl alcohol.

Both spectral (NMR and IR) and elemental analysis for the newly prepared sulphonamides (8a-c, 10, 12, and 16a-b) and carboxylic acids (14a-c) were described in the Supplementary Materials.

Biological evaluation

The procedures that were used for the conducted biological tests were carried out in the same manner that was stated earlier; stopped-flow CA^30–34, NCI-single dose^35–37 and MTT cytotoxicity^38–41 assays, and they were detailed in the Supplementary Materials.

Results and discussion

Chemistry

Schemes 1, 2, and 3 illustrate the synthetic routes that were used in order to prepare the target benzothiazole-derived sulphonamides 8a-c, 10, 12, and 16a-b, as well as the carboxylic acids 14a-c.

Synthesis was started by cyclisation of 2-aminothiophenol 1 with diethyl oxalate 2 to afford ethyl benzo[d]thiazole-2-carboxylate 3. Hydrolysis of ester 2, via refluxing with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol, afforded benzo[d]thiazole-2-carbohydrazide 4 in 84% yield. Thereafter, stirring of intermediate 4 with sodium nitrite in glacial acetic acid at 0 °C produced the corresponding azide derivative 5. In the last step, preparation of target benzothiazole-derived sulphonamides 8a-c was performed via the addition of the appropriate aminobenzenesulfonamide derivative 7a-c to a pre‐heated azide 4 solution in xylene (Scheme 1).

Scheme 1. Synthesis of target benzothiazole-derived sulphonamides 8a-c.

Furthermore, 2-isocyanatobenzothiazole intermediate 6 was reacted with 4-(aminomethyl)benzenesulfonamide 9 and 4–(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonamide 11 in refluxing xylene to yield target benzothiazole-derived sulphonamides 10 and 12, respectively (Scheme 2).

Scheme 2. Synthesis of target benzothiazole-derived sulphonamides 10 and 12.

In the last Scheme, benzothiazole-based carboxylic acids 14a-c and sulphonamides 16a-b were obtained through a nucleophilic addition reaction of 2-isocyanatobenzothiazole intermediate 6 with aminobenzoic acids 13a-c and secondary sulphonamides 15a-b, respectively (Scheme 3).

Scheme 3. Synthesis of target benzothiazole-derived carboxylic acids 14a-c and sulphonamides 16a-b.

Biological evaluation

Carbonic anhydrases inhibition

The herein synthesised benzothiazole-derived sulphonamides 8a-c, 10, 12, 16a-b and the carboxylic acids 14a-c were assessed for their inhibitory action against the widespread cytosolic hCA I and II, and cancer-related IX and XII isoforms employing a stopped flow CO₂ hydrase assay and the CAI acetazolamide (AAZ) was adopted as a control³⁰. The provided inhibition constants (K_I) manifested in Table 1 can be exploited to delineate the structure activity relationships (SARs).

Table 1. Inhibition constants for benzothiazole-based derivatives (8a-c, 10, 12, 14a-c and 16a-b) and the standard sulphonamide inhibitor acetazolamide (AAZ) towards hCA I, II, IX and XII, determined with a stopped-flow CO₂ hydrase assay.

Cmpd	n	R	KI (nM)^a
			hCA I	hCA II	hCA IX	hCA XII
8a	0	o-SO2NH2	12590	785.2	65.3	41.2
8b	0	m-SO2NH2	4040	652.7	48.9	57.5
8c	0	p-SO2NH2	361.7	54.1	31.5	29.3
10	1	p-SO2NH2	945.9	204.3	58.8	51.2
12	2	p-SO2NH2	61.5	28.5	16.4	34.7
14a	0	o-COOH	68090	75940	44620	39860
14b	0	m-COOH	82750	94130	16280	9140
14c	0	p-COOH	11820	9470	2410	8540
16a	–	–	>100000	>100000	56090	32500
16b	–	–	>100000	>100000	>100000	>100000
AAZ			250.0	12.5	25.0	5.7
SLC-0111			5080.0	960.0	45.0	4.5

^aMean from three different assays (errors were in the range of ± 5–10% of the reported values).

The herein tested benzothiazole-based sulphonamides 8a-c, 10, 12, 16a-b and the carboxylic acids 14a-c displayed diverse off-target hCA I inhibition profile spanning from nanomolar to high micromolar inhibitory constants (K_Is = 61.5 nM to > 100 µM), Table 1. In the regard of benzothiazole-bearing sulphonamides with ureido linker 8a-c, they exerted low to moderate inhibitory activities towards the dominant hCA I with K_Is ranged from 361.7 nM to 12.59 µM. Noteworthy, the switching of sulphonamide anchoring moiety from ortho- and meta positions (8a-b; K_Is = 12.59 and 4.04 µM, respectively) to para position potentially elevated the inhibition constant to the nanomolar level (8c; K_I = 361.7 nM). Notably, the elongation of the ureido spacer in the p-benzenesulfonamide counterpart 8c (K_I = 361.7 nM) by one carbon sharply reduced hCA I inhibitory potency (10; K_I = 945.9 nM), whereas its elongation by two carbons led to sensible enhancement in hCA I inhibitory impact providing the most potent hCA I inhibitor within the current study (12; K_I = 61.5 nM). In contrast, the bioisosteric replacement of the sulphonamide zinc binding functionality in 8a-c by carboxylic acid moiety 14a-c dramatically diminished hCA I inhibition constants to high micromolar values (14a-c; K_Is = 68.09, 82.75 and 11.82 µM, respectively). Furthermore, it was noted that the inclusion of secondary sulfamoyl functionality totally abolished hCA I inhibitory effect (16a-b; K_Is > 100 µM) compared to the primary sulfamoyl-appended sulphonamides 8a-c.

Interestingly, the in vitro kinetic data towards the physiologically relevant hCA II isoform presented inhibition pattern similar to hCA I, Table 1. In a similar fashion, the benzothiazole-derived analogues 8a-c exhibited moderate to high hCA II inhibitory potential with K_Is spanning between 54.1 and 785.2 nM. While the incorporation of ortho or meta sulphonamide demonstrated moderate hCA II inhibition (8a-b; K_I = 785.2 and 652.7 nM, respectively), the shifting of this sulfamoyl to para position interestingly improved hCA II inhibition constant to two-digits value (8c; K_I = 54.1 nM). To explore the impact of linker length, the obtained results revealed that elongation of the ureido linker in 8c (K_I = 54.1 nm) by one carbon significantly decreased the inhibitory action against hCA II by 4-fold (10; K_I = 204.3 nM), whereas the elongation of this linker by two carbons was more advantageous furnishing the most powerful hCA II inhibitor within this series (K_I = 28.5 nM) in a similar way to the hCA I inhibition profile. Similarly, the appending of carboxyl group as a zinc anchoring moiety 14a-c in place of the sulfamoyl functionality 8a-c (K_Is range 54.1– 785.2 nM) drastically declined hCA II inhibition to micromolar level (14a-c; K_Is equal 75.94, 94.13 and 9.47 µM, respectively). In addition, the applying of secondary sulfamoyl group 16a-b completely abolished hCA II inhibitory power similar to hCA I inhibition data.

Concerning the inhibitory influence of the here evaluated benzothiazole-based SLC-0111 analogues towards cancer-associated hCA IX isozyme (Table 1), the primary sulfamoyl-bearing derivatives 8a-c, 10 and 12 exerted the most efficient potencies within this study against such enzyme displaying two-digits nanomolar K_Is spanning a range between 16.4 and 65.3 nM. It is worth to mention that switching of the sulphonamide from ortho- and meta positions 8a-b (K_Is equal 65.3 and 48.9 nM, respectively) to para position 8c enhanced the hCA IX inhibitory power (K_I equals 31.5 nM), while the elongation of ureido linker in 8c by one carbon decreased the inhibition potency by the half (10; K_I = 58.8 nM). On the other hand, extending such a linker by two carbons resulted in the production of the most efficient hCA IX inhibitor within the scope of the present study (12; K_I = 16.4 nM). Additionally, the replacement of the sulfamoyl zinc binding group in 8a-c (K_I range 31.5 to 65.3 nM) by carboxylic acid functionality sharply lowered the hCA IX inhibition constants (14a-c; K_I = 44.62, 16.28 and 2.41 µM, respectively). Like the hCA I and II inhibition outcomes, the incorporation of 3,5-dimethyl-1,2-oxazole-bearing secondary sulphonamide entirely revoked the hCA IX inhibitory efficiency (16b; K_I > 100 µM), whereas the inclusion of thiazole-appended secondary sulphonamide 16a resulted in very weak hCA IX inhibition (K_I of 56.09 µM).

In the context of inhibitory activities towards the second tumour-related hCA XII isoform, the herein assessed benzothiazole-derived SLC-0111 analogues demonstrated diverse potencies in a similar behaviour as hCA I, II and IX isoforms as depicted in Table 1. The primary sulfamoyl-bearing analogues 8a-c, 10 and 12 showed the most favourable inhibition profile against hCA XII isoform demonstrating inhibition constants K_Is ranged from 29.3 to 57.5 nM. For the ureido linker-grafted sulphonamides 8a-c, the para regioisomer 8c was the most potent hCA XII inhibitor with K_I = 29.3 nM, similarly the ortho and meta regioisomers exhibited potential hCA XII inhibition (8a-b; K_Is equal 41.2 and 57.5 nM, respectively). Moreover, the elongation of the ureido linker in 8c (K_I = 29.3 nM) by one or two carbons slightly reduced the inhibition constants (10 and 12; K_Is of 51.2 and 34.7 nM, respectively). As obtained from hCA I, II and IX inhibitory investigations, the bioisosteric replacement of the sulphonamide functionality in 8a-c (K_Is range 29.3 − 57.5 nM) with carboxylic acid group dramatically decreased the hCA XII inhibitory effect (14a; K_I = 39.86 µM, 14b; K_I = 9.14 µM and 14c; K_I = 8.54 µM). Furthermore, it was noted that the inclusion of secondary sulfamoyl functionality 16a-b markedly declined hCA XII inhibition data, while the grafting of thiazole-bearing sulfamoyl 16a resulted in K_I = 32.5 µM, the introduction of 3,5-dimethyl-1,2-oxazole-bearing secondary sulphonamide 16b completely abolished the hCA XII inhibition (K_I > 100 µM).

Collectively, the elicited SAR hinted out that the replacement of 4-fluorophenyl tail in SLC-0111 with benzothiazole motif while maintaining the para primary sulfamoyl functionality in conjunction with the elongation of its ureido linker by two carbons furnished the most potent inhibitors towards the tumour-related hCA IX with inhibition constants better than the lead SLC-0111 (8c, K_I = 31.5 nM; 12, K_I = 16.4 nM vs SLC-0111, K_I = 45 nM). Undesirably such improvement in hCA IX inhibition for the promising candidates (8c and 12) was concomitant with the enhancement in inhibition of the ubiquitous hCA I (IX/I S.I. = 11.5, 3.75, respectively) and II isoforms (IX/II S.I. = 1.7 for both) compared to SLC-0111 (IX/I S.I. = 112.9; IX/II S.I. = 21.3). Consequently, the resulting potent benzothiazole-tethered SLC-0111 analogues 8c and 12 can be employed as leads for further optimisation to develop promising candidates with superior potency and selectivity towards the cancer-associated isozymes over the physiologically dominant hCA I and II isoforms.

Antitumor activity towards NCI-60 cancer cell lines

All herein developed benzothiazole-derived sulphonamides 8a-c, 10, 12, 16a-b and the carboxylic acids 14a-c were explored for their potential antitumor activities at the National Cancer Institute (NCI-USA) within the Developmental Therapeutic Program, utilising the US-NCI protocol and the sulforhodamine B (SRB) colorimetric assay for cell growth and viability evaluation^32,37,42,43.

The obtained results revealed that the examined molecules have weak or non-significant antitumor activities towards most NCI cancer cell lines, except 8b. Sulphonamide 8b displayed selective anti-proliferative activity (GI > 30%) towards twenty cancer cell lines belonging to all tumour subpanels, except the prostate cancer subpanel, with GI% range of 31–54% (Figure 3). The best growth inhibitory activity of 8b (GI = 54%) was observed for the breast T-47D cancer cell line. Figure 3 provides a summary of the cancer cell lines that are most vulnerable to the effects of benzothiazole-derived sulphonamide 8b.

Figure 3. The cancer cell lines that are most vulnerable to the effects of sulphonamide 8b.

Sulphonamide 8c exerted cell growth inhibition (GI) equals about 20% towards non-small cell lung cancer (EKVX) and breast cancer (MCF7 and T-47D) cell lines, as well as GI = 24% towards renal cancer (UO-31) cell line. Sulphonamide 10 displayed GI equals about 20% against non-small cell lung cancer (NCI-H226 and EKVX), and breast cancer (MCF7 and T-47D) cell lines, in addition, it exerted about 25% GI towards ovarian cancer (IGROV1) and CNS cancer (SNB-75) cell lines. Superiorly, the renal cancer (UO-31) cell line was the most sensitive one to the effect of sulphonamide 10 with a GI value of 33%. Moreover, non-small cell lung cancer (EKVX), ovarian cancer (IGROV1) and CNS cancer (SNB-75), and renal cancer (UO-31) and breast cancer (MCF7 and T-47D) cell lines were the most susceptible cells to the impact of sulphonamides 16a and 16b with GI % = 27, 28, 29, 37, 24, 22 for 16a, and GI % = 19, 24, 37, 29, 24, 16 for 16b.

Regarding the anticancer activities of series 14, carboxylic acid derivative 14a was found to possess a moderate growth inhibitory effect against non-small cell lung cancer (EKVX), ovarian cancer (IGROV1), CNS cancer (SNB-75), and renal cancer (CAKI-1 and UO-31) cell lines with inhibition % 22, 27, 20, 20, and 32, respectively. Also, carboxylic acid derivative 14b displayed GI more than 20% against ovarian cancer (IGROV1), CNS cancer (SNB-75), and renal cancer (UO-31) cell lines, whereas compound 14c exerted GI more than 20% against ovarian cancer (IGROV1), non-small cell lung cancer (EKVX), renal cancer (UO-31) and breast cancer (MCF7 and T-47D) cell lines.

Anti-proliferative activity towards breast cancer cell lines

The inhibition constants presented in Table 1 highlighted that sulphonamide 8b elicited an excellent selectivity towards hCA IX and XII over the off-target hCA I, with selective indexes (SIs) equal 82.6 and 70.2, respectively. In addition, only sulphonamide 8b demonstrated excellent selectivity towards hCA IX and XII in comparison to hCA II, with SI values of 13.3 and 11.3, respectively. As a consequence of this, sulphonamide 8b maintained both its activity and its selectivity with regard to the hCA IX and XII isoforms that are associated with cancer. In addition, according to the findings of the US-NCI assay that was discussed before, sulphonamide 8b was determined to be the most effective anticancer molecules herein reported. As a consequence, sulphonamide 8b was evaluated for its anticancer effect towards breast cancer (T-47D and MCF-7) cell lines within the hypoxic conditions, using the SRB assay. The assay results that presented in Table 2 showed that sulphonamide 8b had good IC₅₀ values (6.73 ± 0.28 and 9.16 ± 0.70) against T-47D and MCF-7 cells, respectively.

Table 2. Anticancer activity of target benzothiazole-based sulphonamide 8b towards breast T-47D and MCF-7 cancer cell lines under hypoxic conditions.

Com.	IC50 (µM)
	T-47D	MCF-7
8b	6.73 ± 0.28	9.16 ± 0.70
Doxorubicin	7.31 ± 0.49	6.52 ± 0.38

Conclusions

This study developed different series of benzothiazole-based sulphonamides 8a-c, 10, 12, 16a-b and carboxylic acids as novel SLC-0111 analogues, and assessed their CA inhibitory effects towards CA I, II, IX and XII isoforms. Different drug design approaches were utilised. The benzothiazole motif was appended to the ureido linker instead of the SLC-0111 fluorophenyl tail to produce compounds 8c and its regioisomers 8a-b. In addition, the ureido spacer was elongated by methylene or ethylene groups to afford the counterparts 10 and 12. In turn, the functionality of the primary ZBG was either replaced by carboxylic acid or it was substituted in order to produce the carboxylic acid derivatives 14a-c and the secondary sulphonamide-based SLC-0111 analogues 16a-b, respectively. The elicited SAR, from this study, hinted out that the introduction of para primary sulfamoyl functionality along with elongation of the ureido linker by two carbons were more beneficial for the cancer-related hCA IX and XII inhibition. The primary sulfamoyl-bearing analogues 8a-c, 10 and 12 disclosed the most favourable inhibition profile against tumour-related hCA IX and XII isoforms demonstrating inhibition constants ranged from 16.4 to 65.3 nM and from 29.3 to 57.5 nM, respectively. Moreover, all herein developed benzothiazole-derived sulphonamides 8a-c, 10, 12, 16a-b and the carboxylic acids 14a-c were explored for their potential antitumor activities at the NCI-National Cancer Institute. The examined molecules have weak or non-significant antitumor activities towards most NCI cancer cell lines, except sulphonamide 8b which displayed selective anti-proliferative activity (GI > 30%) towards twenty cancer cell lines belonging to all tumour subpanels, except the prostate cancer subpanel. It is interesting to mention that 8b elicited an excellent selectivity towards hCA IX and XII over the off-target hCA I, with selective indexes equal to 82.6 and 70.2, respectively. Additionally, it demonstrated good selectivity towards hCA IX and XII over hCA II with selective indexes of 13.3 and 11.3, respectively. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity SRB assay showed that sulphonamide 8b had good IC₅₀ values (6.73 ± 0.28 and 9.16 ± 0.70) against breast cancer T-47D and MCF-7 cells, respectively.

Disclosure statement

CT Supuran is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry. He was not involved in the assessment, peer review, or decision-making process of this paper. The authors have no relevant affiliations of financial involvement with any organisation or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.

Additional information

Funding

This work is funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, through the Research Groups Program Grant no [RGP-1440 –0025](2).