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ABSTRACT
Recombinant vaccines based on virus-like particles (VLPs) or nanoparticles have been successful in their safety and efficacy in preclinical and clinical studies. The technology of expressing enveloped VLP vaccines has combined with molecular engineering of proteins in membrane-anchor and immunogenic forms mimicking the native conformation of surface proteins on the enveloped viruses. This review summarizes recent developments in influenza VLP vaccines against seasonal, pandemic, and avian influenza viruses from the perspective of use in humans. The immunogenicity and efficacies of influenza VLP vaccine in the homologous and cross-protection were reviewed. Discussions include limitations of current influenza vaccination strategies and future directions to confer broadly cross protective new influenza vaccines as well as vaccination.
Financial & competing interests disclosure
This work was supported by NIH/NIAID grants AI105170 (S-M K), AI119366 (S-M K), and AI093772 (S-M K), and supported by a grant from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) (NRF-2014R1A2A2A01004899) (F-S Quan), a grant from the Agri-Bio Industry Technology Development Program (315030-03-1-HD020) (F-S Quan), IPET, MAFRA, KHIDI, and a grant from the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (HI15C2928) (F-S Quan). The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.