Maternal and neonatal outcomes among pregnant women with cardiovascular disease in the Philippines: a retrospective cross-sectional study from 2015–2019

Abstract

Purpose

Several studies link maternal cardiovascular disease (CVD) to maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. This study describes the profile of maternal, obstetric, and neonatal outcomes among pregnant women with CVD in a tertiary hospital in the Philippines. It identifies the clinical and sociodemographic variables associated with these outcomes.

Materials and Methods

A single-center, retrospective analysis of pregnant women admitted for delivery at the Philippine General Hospital from 2015 to 2019 was performed. Of these patients, pregnant women with CVD were identified as the cohort for this study. Data on clinical and sociodemographic factors, maternal major adverse cardiovascular events, neonatal adverse clinical events, and obstetric complications were collected. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the odds ratio for the risk factors for small-for-gestational-age (SGA) babies and preterm birth.

Results

Among 30,053 delivery admissions in the Philippine General Hospital from 2015 to 2019, 293 (0.98%) pregnant women had CVD. Of the CVDs present in this cohort, congenital heart diseases (n = 119, 40.6%) were the most common, followed by rheumatic heart disease (n = 109, 37.2%). Maternal adverse events were rarely observed. Four women experienced symptomatic arrhythmias, two presented with worsening heart failure, three experienced thromboembolic events, and one had cerebrovascular infarction. There was no reported maternal death, cardiac arrest, shock, or acute renal failure. The majority (69.3%) of the women included in the study were delivered by spontaneous vaginal delivery and assisted vaginal delivery by vacuum or forceps; however, a significant portion of these women had undergone cesarean section. Almost all the study cohort delivered live births, with most neonates being delivered at 37–38 weeks gestational age (83.6%) and only 16.0% born preterm. However, a significant portion, a third of the neonates, were classified as having low birth weight. Around 17.4% of neonates born from gravidocardiac mothers were admitted neonatal intensive care unit. Conditions associated with preterm birth were low educational attainment, previous history of early neonatal death, maternal low ejection fraction, and abnormal maternal left ventricular geometry. The conditions associated with SGA babies were high gravidity and parity, a history of abortion/stillbirth, a history of previous cesarean section delivery, low ejection fraction, a history of multiple gestations, and higher BMI.

Conclusion

In this cohort study, adverse maternal outcomes were rarely observed. CVD in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of preterm birth and SGA babies. We identified certain maternal conditions and sociodemographic factors associated with these outcomes. Despite having CVD, our study cohort had no mortality from the pregnancy.

Keywords:

• Heart failure
• cardio-obstetrics
• maternal and child health
• pregnancy
• preterm birth

Author contributions

CRediT roles: Frederick B. Rivera MD: Conceptualization; Data curation; Formal analysis; Investigation; Methodology; Validation; Writing - original draft; Writing - review & editing; John Vincent Magalong MD: Conceptualization; Data curation; Formal analysis; Investigation; Methodology; Validation; Writing - original draft; Writing - review & editing; Ourlad Alzeus G. Tantengco BSc: Data curation; Formal analysis; Investigation; Methodology; Validation; Writing - original draft; Writing - review & editing; Mary Grace M. Villafuerte MD: Conceptualization; Data curation; Methodology; Validation; Writing - review & editing; Gerard Francis Mangubat, MD: Statistical analysis; Annabelle Santos Volgman MD: Review & editing.

Disclosure statement

The authors state no conflicts of interest regarding this study.