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Original Articles

Rogers and Goldstein redux: the actualizing person responding to trauma and loss

Pages 70-85 | Received 06 Jul 2017, Accepted 21 Sep 2017, Published online: 29 Jan 2018
 

ABSTRACT

Carl Rogers’ concept of actualization is discussed in relation to neuropsychiatrist Kurt Goldstein’s concept of self-actualization, both of which explain the inherent capacity of the human organism for growth through adversity. It is argued that Rogers’ organismic perspective is compatible with the existential-ontological elements of Goldstein’s holistic, biological conception of the human organism. There is, however, a fundamental difference in their concepts of actualization and their metaphors of self-healing that reflects their dissimilar clinical milieus and philosophico-existential perspectives. Rogers’ metaphor of self-healing calls up the client’s organismic experiencing in a therapeutic relationship whereas Goldstein’s refers to the patient and pathology that is an indication of lawful variations of the normal self-regulating process. Their concepts of actualization are considered in relation to six existential-ontological dimensions of human experience delineated by Hersch. It is argued that they provide a more in-depth understanding of an individual’s experience than the dominant biomedical models of disease. This process is illustrated by drawing on the self-reported experiences of persons with traumatic brain injury concerning the extent of their recovery and post-traumatic growth. Considered together, the legacies of Goldstein and Rogers span biology and phenomenology, existential philosophy and humanistic psychology.

Rogers und Goldstein - eine Neuauflage: Wie die sich aktualisierende Person auf Trauma und Verlust reagiert.

Carl Rogers’ Konzept der Aktualisierung wird in Bezug auf das Konzept der Selbstaktualisierung des Neuropsychiaters Kurt Goldstein diskutiert. Beide erklären die inhärente Fähigkeit des menschlichen Organismus zu Wachstum durch Widrigkeiten. Es wird gezeigt, dass Rogers’ organismische Perspektive mit den existenzialistisch-ontologischen Elementen von Goldsteins holistischer, biologischer Konzeption des menschlichen Organismus kompatibel ist. Ein fundamentaler Unterschied besteht jedoch in deren jeweiligen Metaphern zur Selbstheilung. Er widerspiegelt ihr verschiedenes klinisches Milieu und zeigt eine andere philosophisch-existenzialistische Perspektive. Rogers’ Metapher für Selbstheilung geht von der organismischen Erfahrung der Klient-Person in einer therapeutischen Beziehung aus; Goldstein hingegen bezieht sich auf den Patienten und seine Pathologie, die ein Hinweis ist auf gesetzmäßige Variationen des normalen Selbstregulationsprozesses. Ihre Konzepte der Aktualisierung werden in Bezug auf sechs existenzial-ontologische Dimensionen menschlicher Erfahrung betrachtet. Die These ist: Diese Konzepte bieten ein tieferes Verstehen des Erlebens eines Individuums als die vorherrschenden biomedizinischen Modelle von Krankheit. Persönliche Berichte von Menschen mit Hirntrauma illustrieren den Prozess ihrer Genesung und das post-traumatische Wachstum. Das Vermächtnis von Goldstein und Rogers verbindet Biologie und Phänomenologie.

Rogers y Goldstein redux: la persona actualizada respondiendo al trauma y la pérdida

El concepto de Carl Rogers de la actualización se discute en relación con el concepto de la autorrealización de el neuropsiquiatra Kurt Goldstein, ambas explican la capacidad inherente de el organismo humano para el crecimiento a través de la adversidad. Se argumenta que la perspectiva organísmica de Rogers es compatible con los elementos existenciales, ontológicos del concepto holístico y biológico de Goldstein acerca del organismo humano. Hay, sin embargo, una diferencia fundamental en sus metáforas de auto-sanación que refleja sus diferentes entornos clínicos y perspectivas filosóficas-existenciales. La metáfora de Rogers de la auto-sanación activa la experiencia organísmica del cliente en una relación terapéutica mientras que el Goldstein se refiere al paciente y la patología que es una indicación de variaciones legales del proceso de autorregulación normal. Sus conceptos de actualización se consideran en relación con seis dimensiones existencial/ontológica de la experiencia humana. Se argumenta que proporcionan una comprensión más profunda de cómo un individuo experiencia los modelos biomédicos dominantes de la enfermedad. Este proceso se ilustra basándose en las experiencias de personas con lesión cerebral traumática con respecto a su recuperación y crecimiento postraumáticos. Considerados conjuntamente, los legados de Goldstein y Rogers abarcan biología y fenomenología.

Rogers et Goldstein en retour: La personne actualisante répondant au trauma et à la perte.

Le concept d’actualisation de Carl Rogers est discuté en relation avec le concept d’actualisation de soi du neuropsychiatre Kurt Goldstein. Ces deux concepts expliquent la capacité inhérente à l’organisme de se développer dans l’adversité. Il est avancé que la perspective organismique de Rogers est compatible avec les éléments existentiels-ontologiques de la conception holistique et biologique de l’organisme humain de Goldstein. Il existe cependant une différence fondamentale dans leurs métaphores de l’auto-guérison, qui est le reflet de perspectives philosophico-existentielles et de milieux cliniques différents. La métaphore de l’auto-guérison de Rogers en appelle à l’experiencing organismique du client dans la relation thérapeutique, tandis que celle de Goldstein fait référence au patient et à la pathologie comme une indication de variations légitimes du processus normal d’autorégulation. Leurs concepts d’actualisation sont étudiés en relation avec six dimensions existentielles-ontologiques de l’expérience humaine. Il est soutenu qu’ils fournissent une compréhension plus profonde de l’experiencing des individus que les modèles biomédicaux dominants de la maladie. Ce processus est illustré en s’appuyant sur les expériences auto-rapportées de personnes ayant une lésion cérébrale traumatique, concernant leur rétablissement et leur évolution post-traumatique.

Rogers e Goldstein revisitados: a resposta da pessoa em atualização ao trauma e à perda

Discute-se o conceito de atualização de Carl Rogers, em comparação com o conceito de auto-atualização do neuropsiquiatra Kurt Goldstein, sendo que ambos explicam a capacidade inerente do organismo humano para se desenvolver, em face de adversidades. Defende-se que a perspetiva organísmica de Rogers é compatível com os elementos existenciais e ontológicos da conceção biológica holística de Goldstein do organismo humano. Há, contudo, uma diferença fundamental nas metáforas de auto-cura destes dois autores, que reflete os diferentes contextos de ambos, bem como as suas respetivas perspetivas filosófico-existenciais. Ao passo que a metáfora de auto-cura de Rogers apela para a vivência organísmica do cliente no âmbito da relação terapêutica, a de Goldstein refere-se ao paciente e à sua patologia, sendo esta um indicador das variações legítimas em relação ao processo normal de autorregulação. Os dois conceitos de atualização são perspetivados em relação com seis dimensões ontológicas e existenciais da experiência humana. Discute-se que estes conceitos fornecem uma compreensão mais profunda da vivência individual do que os modelos biomédicos e de classificação de doenças dominantes. Este processo é ilustrado através da reflexão sobre os autorrelatos de experiências de pessoas que sofreram lesões cerebrais traumáticas, a respeito da sua recuperação e do desenvolvimento pós-traumático. Quando considerados em conjunto, os legados de Goldstein e Rogers cobrem os campos da Biologia e da Fenomenologia.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Ross Crisp

Ross Crisp is a registered psychologist in Australia with extensive experience as a rehabilitation consultant and psychologist. He has published numerous articles on disability and rehabilitation, and more recently on person-centered and experiential psychotherapies. He is a member of the Australian Psychological Society and World Association of Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies

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