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Original Articles

Seeing speech and seeing sign: Insights from a fMRI study

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Pages S3-S9 | Received 04 Oct 2007, Published online: 07 Jul 2009
 

Abstract

In a single study, silent speechreading and signed language processing were investigated using fMRI. Deaf native signers of British sign language (BSL) who were also proficient speechreaders of English were the focus of the research. Separate analyses contrasted different aspects of the data. In the first place, we found that the left superior temporal cortex, including auditory regions, was strongly activated in the brains of deaf compared with hearing participants when processing silently spoken (speechread) word lists. In the second place, we found that within the signed language, cortical activation patterns reflected the presence and type of mouth action that accompanied the manual sign. Signed items that incorporated oral as well as manual actions were distinguished from signs using only manual actions. Signs that used speechlike oral actions could be differentiated from those that did not. Thus, whether in speechreading or in sign language processing, speechlike mouth actions differentially activated regions of the superior temporal lobe that are accounted auditory association cortex in hearing people.

One inference is that oral actions that are speechlike may have preferential access to ‘auditory speech’ parts of the left superior temporal cortex in deaf people. This could occur not only when deaf people were reading speech, but also when they were processing a signed language. For the deaf child, it is likely that observation of speech helps to construct and to constrain the parameters of spoken language acquisition. This has implications for programmes of intervention and therapy for cochlear implantation.

Abbreviations
BOLD=

Blood oxygen level-dependent

BSL=

British sign language

fMRI=

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

SL=

Sign language

SSL=

Swedish sign language

TAS=

Test of adult speechreading

Abbreviations
BOLD=

Blood oxygen level-dependent

BSL=

British sign language

fMRI=

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

SL=

Sign language

SSL=

Swedish sign language

TAS=

Test of adult speechreading

Sumario

En un estudio único, se investigaron la lectura labio-facial y el lenguaje de señas usando la fMRI. Sordos nativos gestuales que utilizan el lenguaje británico de señas (BSL) y que también son lectores labio-faciales competentes fueron el foco de atención de esta investigación. Análisis separados contrastaron diferentes aspectos de los datos. En primer lugar, encontramos que la corteza temporal superior izquierda, incluyendo las regiones auditivas, se activaba fuertemente en los cerebros de los sordos, comparado con los participantes oyentes, cuando procesaban listas de palabras habladas silenciosamente (lectura labio-facial). En segundo lugar, encontramos que dentro del lenguaje de señas, los patrones de activación cortical reflejaban la presencia y tipo de acción bucal que acompañaba el signo manual. Ítems expresados por señas que incorporaban acciones orales y manuales se distinguían de signos que sólo usaban acciones manuales. Los signos que usaban acciones orales de tipo lenguaje podían ser diferenciados de aquellos que no. Por ende, tanto en procesamiento de la lectura labio-facial como en lenguaje de señas, acciones bucales de tipo lenguaje activaban diferencialmente regiones del lóbulo temporal superior que funcionan como corteza de asociación auditiva en oyentes.

Una inferencia es que las acciones orales que son tipo lenguaje podrían tener, en las personas sordas, acceso preferencial a las partes de “lenguaje auditivo” de la corteza temporal superior izquierda en personas sordas. Esto podría ocurrir no sólo cuando las personas sordas hagan lectura labio-facial, sino también cuando estén procesando lenguaje de señas. Para el niño sordo, es posible que la observación del lenguaje ayude a construir y a obligar los parámetros de la adquisición del lenguaje hablado. Esto tiene implicaciones para los programas de intervención y terapia en implantación coclear.

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