Russian Publishing Abroad: The New York Public Library Collections in the Longer View

ABSTRACT

Special Note: This article is part of a series of three scholarly pieces in this issue dedicated to Tamizdat Publications at the New York Public Library (NYPL):

1. “What is Tamizdat?” by Yasha Klots

2. “Russian Tamizdat Publications at the New York Public Library: A Checklist,” by Hee-Gwone Yoo

3. “Russian Publishing Abroad: The New York Public Library Collections in the Longer View,” by Bogdan Horbal

From the early years of its existence the New York Public Library has systematically acquired Russian titles published outside of Russia. They first included works by Russian authors escaping czarist censorship but soon gave way to publications by authors who could not freely publish their works in the Soviet Union. Russian and other publishers operating outside of Russia/Soviet Union played a vital role in making these works available to a broader public.

KEYWORDS:

• Tamizdat
• Russian publishing abroad
• New York Public Library

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Correction Statement

This article has been republished with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.

Notes

1. Friederike Kind-Kovács and Jessie Labov, eds., Samizdat, tamizdat, and Beyond: Transnational Media During and After Socialism (New York: Berghahn Books, 2013); Friederike Kind-Kovács, Written Here, Published There: How Underground Literature Crossed the Iron Curtain (New York: Central European University Press, 2014); Paolo Mancosu, Zhivago’s Secret Journey: From Typescript to Book (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University, 2016).

2. “Library Economy and History. Local. N.Y.P.L.,” The Library Journal 24, no. 2 (Feb., 1899): 78.

3. The NYPL’s copy has been digitized and is available in HathiTrust. See a dated property stamp on the verso of the title page.

4. The NYPL holds the original (call no. *QCA+ (Kolokol)) along with the French and Russian edition Kolokol = La cloche: revue du dévelopement social, politique et littéraire en Russie, no. 1–15 (Genève: Imp. Russe de Londres, 1868) as well as a reprint “Kolokol:” izbrannyia stat’i A.I. Gertsena (1857–1869) (Zheneva: Volʹnaia russkaia tipografiia, 1887). After the NYPL received another copy of the 1887 reprint, it was given to the Library of Congress in 1929. Robert H. Davis, Jr. with a preface by the Honorable George Frost Kennan, Slavic and Baltic Library Resources at the New York Public Library: A First History and Practical Guide (New York-Los Angeles, 1994): 40, footnote 113.

5. It was initially published as a supplement to Poliarnaia Zvezda (1855–1869) which the NYPL holds in a partial run in Slav. Reserve 06–195 (originally in the Astor Library), the second edition of volumes 1–7 (1858–1861) in Slav. Reserve 93–3813.

6. The NYPL holds all 13 issues published (call no. *QCA+ (Kolokol. Pod sud))

7. The NYPL holds old negative photostats of all 24 issues published (call no. *QCA+ (Kolokol. Obshchee veche)).

8. As some of the submission that the editors received from Russia did not follow their revolutionary line, Herzen and Ogarev also published nine volumes of Golosy iz Rossii (Voices from Russia) in which these other “voices” were included. The NYPL holds all nine volumes in Slav. Reserve 06–82.

9. New York Public Library, Annual Report January 1 – December 31, 1914 (New York, 1915): 34.

10. V. P. Baturinskii, A. I. Gertsen, ego druz’ia i znakomye: materialy dlia istorii obshchestvennago dvizheniia v Rossii v. 1 (S.-Peterburg: Izd. G.O. L’vovicha, 1904), 292.

11. Stikhotvoreniia A.S. Pushkina: ne voshedshie v poslednee sobranie ego sochinenii (Berlin: R. Vagner, 1861) was the only publication at that time of the poet’s works free of censorship. I.N. Tarasenko, “Gerbel,” Nikolai Vasilevich,” in V.M. Zharkov, ed. Kniga. Entsiklopediia (Moskva: Nauchnoe izdatel’stvo Bol’shaia Rossiiskaia Entsiklopediia, 1999), 157. See also: V.V. Khokhachev and I.N. Tarasenko, “Izdatel’skaia deiatel’nost’ N.V. Gerbelia (Iz istorii ideinogo knizhnogo dela 50–70-kh godov XIX v.,” Kniga. Issledovaniia i materialy 28 (Moskva, 1974): 98–120.

12. Alfred Erich Senn, “M. K. Elpidin: Revolutionary Publisher,” The Russian Review 41, no. 1 (Jan. 1982): 11–23.

13. Maurice Friedberg, Literary Translation in Russia: A Cultural History (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997), 49.

14. See his books: Turgenev, the Man – his Art – and his Age (New York-London: The Century Co. [c1926]), and a completely revised ed. (New York: Orion Press, [1959]); Dostoevsky: A Life (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company [c.1934]) and the 2^nd completely revised and enlarged ed. Dostoevsky: his Life and Art (New York: Criterion Books, [1957]), Literature under Communism: The Literary Policy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from the End of World War II to the Death of Stalin ([Bloomington, Ind., 1960]); The Russian Literary Imagination (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, [1969]).

15. Robert H. Davis, Jr. with a preface by the Honorable George Frost Kennan, Slavic and Baltic Library Resources at the New York Public Library: A First History and Practical Guide (New York-Los Angeles, 1994): 32.

16. Report of the New York Public Library for 1919 (New York, 1920): 37.

17. Report of the New York Public Library for 1920 (New York, 1921): 43.

18. Report of the New York Public Library for 1921 (New York, 1922): 50.

19. Report of the New York Public Library for 1922 (New York, 1923): 53.

20. “George Kennan papers 1856–1987 [bulk 1866–1919],” the Archives and Manuscripts Division, http://archives.nypl.org/mss/1630.

A whole session was devoted to Kennan during a three-week summer institute at the NYPL for college and university teachers “America Engages Russia, circa 1880–1930: Case Studies in Cultural Interaction.” This summer institute, the last of three was directed by Edward Kasinec and Robert H. Davis, Jr. America Engages Russia, circa 1880–1930: Case Studies in Cultural Interaction: A Proposal to the National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Institute June 14-July 3, 2009 [New York: NYPL, Slavic & Baltic Division, 2008].

21. See his Tent Life in Siberia and Adventures Among the Koraks and Other Tribes in Kamtchatka and Northern Asia (New York: Putnam, 1870).

22. See his Siberia and the Exile System, 2 vols. (New York: The Century Co., 1891).

23. The NYPL also holds “Catherine Breshkovsky papers 1923–1934”, the Archives and Manuscripts Division, http://archives.nypl.org/mss/383. See Edward Kasinec and Lyubov Ginzburg, “American Humanitarian Aid and Interwar Subcarpathian Rus’: The Letters from Ekaterina (“Babushka”) Breshko-Breshkovskaia to Irene Dietrich at the New York Public Library,” Iuvileinyi zbirnyk na chestʹ profesora Pavla-Roberta Magochiia: do 70-richchia vid dnia narodz︠h︡enni︠a︡ naukovt︠s︡i︠a︡ = A Jubilee Collection: Essays in Honor of Professor Paul Robert Magocsi on His 70th Birthday, ed. Valerii Padiak and Patricia Krafcik (Uzhhorod, Priashiv, Nʹiu-Iork: Vydavnytstvo V. Padiaka, 2015), 317–328.

24. A collection of her letters was published by Alice Stone Blackwell, The Little Grandmother of the Russian Revolution (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1917). It did not, however, include Breshko-Breshkovskaia’s letters from Kennan’s collection.

25. Also known as Oryol or Orel (Russian: Орёл), a city located some 200 miles south-southwest of Moscow.

26. Abraham Yarmolinsky, “The Kennan Collection,” Bulletin of the New York Public Library 25, no. 2 (Feb. 1921): 72, 74.

27. “Priklonskii, Sergei Alekseevich,” in: Deiateli revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia v Rossii: Bio-bibliograficheskii slovar:’ Ot predshestvennikov dekabristov do padeniia tarsizma, t. 2, vyp. 3:M-R (Moskva: Izd-vo Vsesoiuznogo obshchestva politicheskikh katorzhan i ssyl’no-poselentsev, 1931), 1266.

28. Abraham Yarmolinsky, “The Kennan Collection,” Bulletin of the New York Public Library 25, no. 2 (Feb. 1921): 74. Kennan included three works by Priklonski in the bibliography to his book Siberia and the Exile System but not the one that Yarmolinsky described. In the book, Kennan specifically referred to Priklonski as a well-known author and a gentleman who (…) published in the liberal newspaper Zemstvo – which was shortly afterward suppressed – a long and carefully prepared article upon exile by administrative process.” (v. 2, p. 21–22). Was it the same article that was meant to be published in Russkiia vedomosti? It’s important to underline that in a letter to Yarmolinsky, Kennan stated that in his work he used probably not more than a quarter of his manuscripts, and possibly much less than that. Abraham Yarmolinsky, “The Kennan Collection,” … , p. 75.

29. The catalog card for this book was created on February 3, 1921. See: Dictionary Catalog of the Slavonic Collection, 2nd ed. rev. and enl., v. 19 (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1974), 532.

30. The NYPL’s copy is in *QG (Koshelev, A. Zapiski).

31. See her note “Ot izdatel’nitsy” in Zapiski … , p. v.

32. Anne Odom and Wendy R. Salmond, eds. Treasures into Tractors: The Selling of Russia’s Cultural Heritage, 1918–1938 (Washington, DC: Hillwood Estate, Museum & Gardens, c2009), especially Edward Kasinec and Robert Davis, “Romanov and Elite Provenance Materials in The New York Public Library,” pp. [388]-401; Natalya Semyonova and Nicolas V. Iljine, eds. Selling Russia’s Treasures: The Soviet Trade in Nationalized Art, 1917–1938 (Paris: The M. T. Abraham Center for the Visual Arts Foundation, [2013]).

33. I. Levitan, “Russkie izdatel’stva v 1920- kh g.g. v Berline,” in Kniga o russkom evreistve, 1917–1967 (New York: Soiuz Russkikh Evreev, 1968), 448–451.

34. A.Y., “The Slavonic Division: Recent Growth,” Bulletin of the New York Public Library 30, no. 2 (February 1926): 71–79.

35. Avraham Yarmolinsky was involved in the first book edition of Zamyatin’s We that appeared in an English translation by Gregory Zillboorg (New York: Dutton, 1924). He also later included Zamyatin’s works in his two compilations Soviet Short Stories (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1960) and Russians: Then and Now: A Selection of Russian Writing from the Seventeenth Century to Our Own Day (New York: Macmillan, 1963).

36. Babette Deutsch, “Of Writing and Letters: Literary Scenes in the Soviet Union,” The American Scholar 38, no. 2 (Spring, 1969): 302, 306, 310. For more firsthand account of the Yarmolinskys’ stay in Soviet Russia see Robert H. Davis, Jr., “Something Truly Revolutionary: The Correspondence of Babette Deutsch and Avrahm Yarmolinsky from Russia, November 1923 to March 1924” in Biblion: The Bulletin of the New York Public Library 2, no. 1 (1993): 140–176.

37. Robert H. Davis, Jr. with a preface by the Honorable George Frost Kennan, Slavic and Baltic Library Resources at the New York Public Library: A First History and Practical Guide (New York-Los Angeles, 1994), 38. At the time of the fall of Communism, the library of the Archive reemerged in Prague and its catalog was reproduced on microfiche by Norman Ross through the advocacy of the NYPL’s Slavic and Baltic Division. Russkii zagranichnyi istoricheskii arkhiv of the Slovanská knihovna při Národni knihovně v Praze, [Pt. 1] Newspaper catalog (fiche 1–163) (New York, NY: Norman Ross Publ. Co., 1992). See: Edward Kasinec and Richard J. Kneeley, “The Slovanská knihovna in Prague and its RZIA Collection,” Slavic Review 51, no. 1 (1992): [122]-130 and the revised version published as “Comments,” in Katalog byvshei biblioteki Russkogo Zagranichnogo Istoricheskogo Arkhiva (New York: Norman Ross Publishing, Inc., 1995): 16–23; Norman Ross, “To Every Thing There Is a Season, and a Time to Every Purpose under Heaven,” Slavic & East European Information Resources, 22, no. 3–4 (2021): 358–359. See also: Lukáš Babka, Anastasia Kopřivová, and Lidija Petruševa, compilers, Russkii zagranichnyi istoricheskii arkhiv v Prage: dokumentatsiia: katalog sobranii dokumentov, khraniashchikhsia v prazhskoi Slavianskoi biblioteke i v Gosudarstvennom arkhive Rossiiskoi Federatsii=Ruský zahraniční historický archiv v Praze: provozní dokumenty: registratura: katalog sbírek uložených v pražské Slovanské knihovně a ve Státním archivu Ruské federace (Praga: Natsional’naia biblioteka Chesskoi Respubliki, 2011). The latter publication deals with the business records of the archive and its library.

38. Time of Troubles, the Diary of Iurii Vladimirovich Gotʹe: Moscow, July 8, 1917 to July 23, 1922, translated, edited, and introduced by Terence Emmons (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, c.1988). The Russian original was published later under the title Moi zamietki (Moskva: Terra, 1997). See also Edward Kasinec “The Soviet Library as Victim: Five Hitherto Unknown Letters to Iu.V. Got’e,” Bulletin of Research in the Humanities 87, no. 2/3 (1989): 172–181.

39. According to Mark von Hagen, this is predominant in western historiography interpretation of cultural developments in the Soviet Union in the 1920s. See for example H.S., “Soviet Literature,” in Victor Terras, ed. Handbook of Russian Literature (New Haven-London: Yale University Press, c1985), 441–442. Von Hagen, however, called “to evaluate the character and meaning of the relatively greater tolerance that the Bolshevik cultural bureaucracy exhibited during the 1920s, but also to see more clearly the limits of that tolerance when compared with both the pre-1917 Russian experience and the contemporary European scene and, moreover, to see the fragile and tenuous quality of the tolerance and its lack of deep roots in either the political or cultural milieus.” Mark von Hagen, “Toward a Cultural and Intellectual History of Soviet Russia in the 1920s: Some Preliminary Directions for a Reevaluation of Politics and Culture,” Revue des études slaves 68, no. 2 (1996): 283, 302.

40. This topic has been discussed comprehensively. See for example: Herman Ermolaev, Censorship in Soviet Literature, 1917–1991 (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 1997); Arlen V. Blium, Sovetskaia tsenzura v epokhu totalʹnogo terrora, 1929–1953 (S.-Peterburg: Akademicheskii proekt, 2000), and Katherine Bliss Eaton, Enemies of the People: The Destruction of Soviet Literary, Theater, and Film Arts in the 1930s (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 2002). See also a collection of documents compiled by L.V. Maksimenkov, Bolʹshaia tsenzura: pisateli i zhurnalisty v srane Sovetov 1917–1956 (Moskva: Mezhdunarodnyi fond “Demokratsiia” & Izd-vo “Materik,” 2005).

41. Ellen Scaruffi, “Avrahm Yarmolinsky: The Early Years,” Public Service News 2, no. 1 (winter, 1990): 20.

42. Friederike Kind-Kovacs, Written Here, Published There: How Underground Literature Crossed the Iron Curtain (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2014), 7.

43. It is the title of her article which appeared in: Commentary 80, no. 1 (July 1985): 36–44.

44. David Arans, Russkie knigi za rubezhom, 1980–1995 (Moskva: GPIB, 2002), 9.

45. See a guide to “Russian Emigre Bibliographic Resources,” prepared by the University of Illinois International and Area Studies Library, https://www.library.illinois.edu/ias/spx/slavicresearchguides/subjectresources/subsourrus/emigre/embib2/.

46. Russkie knigi za rubezhom, 1980–1995 (Moskva: GPIB, 2002) and Knigi russkoi diaspory, 1945–1979: bibliografiia (Moskva: Russkii put,’ 2020). See also: A. D. Alekseev and K. D. Muratova, Literatura russkogo zarubezh’ia: knigi 1917–1940: materialy do bibliografii (Sankt-Peterburg: „Nauka,” 1993).

47. The only self-standing publication advertised as an annotated list of tamizdat works was compiled by the eminent collector and bibliophile Mikhail Seslavinskii, Tamizdat: 100 izbrannykh knig (Moskva: OLMA Media Grupp, 2014). Seslavinskii’s understanding of tamizdat, however, encompasses all Russian materials published outside of the Soviet Union (see his “Ot sostavitelia,” p. 12) thus the book prominently features Russian émigré literature.

Mikhail Seslavinskii was a guest at an event co-sponsored by Read Russia and the New York Public Library which was held at the NYPL’s Salomon Room in June of 2012.

48. See: P. N. Bazanov, et. al., comp., Izdatelʹstva i izdatelʹskie organizatsii russkoi emigratsii 1917–2003 gg.: entsiklopedicheskii spravochnik (Sankt-Peterburg: Izd-vo “Forma T,” 2005).

49. In 1984, Brodsky was named one of twenty two Library Lions (prominent authors). Carol Lawson, “Festive Night for Library Lions,” New York Times, 13 Nov. 1984, p. B.5. In the early 1990s, Brodsky read a lecture in the Library’s Bartos Forum. Then Curator, Edward Kasinec hosted the laureate. Slavic and Baltic Division Annual Report 1990/91. New York Public Library Archives. The New York Public Library. Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations.

50. Joseph Brodsky, “In Memory of Carl Proffer,” Joseph Brodsky Papers, Gen Mss 613, Box 123, Folder 2772. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. I’m grateful to Prof. Yasha Klots for providing this information.

51. After Proffer died, a special tribute honoring him was held at the New York Public Library’s Trustees Room on April 1, 1985. It included remarks by Joseph Brodsky, Susan Sontag (1933–2004), Vartan Gregorian (1934–2021), an Armenian-American academic and the President of the NYPL (1981–1989), and distinguished others. Joseph Brodsky, “In Memoriam,” New York Review, March 28, 1985, https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1985/03/28/in-memoriam/

52. See her memoir Brodsky sredi nas (Moskva: Izdatel’stvo AST: Corpus, [2015]), also available in English language translation Brodsky Among Us (Brighton, Mass.: Academic Studies Press, 2017) as well as her talk “How Censorship Leads to Samizdat: Ardis Publishers” presented during 2018 conference “Tamizdat: Publishing Russian Literature in the Cold War” at Hunter College (CUNY) which was organized by Yasha Klots (Hunter College) and Polina Barskova (Hampshire College/now of University of California, Berkeley) and co-sponsored by the Harriman Institute of Columbia University, with the participation of the Department of Russian and Slavic Studies at NYU, https://www.reechunter.com/tamizdat-conference.html.

53. Meyer directs the MA Program in Russian Literary Translation at Columbia University, where he has taught since 1995. He is a member of PEN America’s Translation Committee. Ronald Meyer. “Bio,” https://www.ronaldmeyer.org/.

54. Viveca Smith, “Profile: Ardis Publishers,” Translation Review 41, no. 1 (1993): 47–50. See also: Nikolai Uskov, Ardis. Amerikanskaia mechta o russkoi literature (Moskva: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2021). The company’s archive is at the University of Michigan, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/s/sclead/umich-scl-ardis?view=text.

55. “Ob izdatel’stve ‘Posev,’” http://possev.org/book/ob-izdatelstve.php; A.N. Artemov and A.N. Artemova, comp., Izdatelʹstvo “Posev,” 1945–1985 (Frankfurt am Main: Posev, c.1985).

56. The NYPL holds 1945–1967 on microfilm in *ZAN-*Q976 and 1968–1996, 1998–2010 in print in *QCA+ (Posev). See IU.S. Tsurganov, ed. and compl., Vtoraia mirovaia – inoi vzgliad: istoricheskaia publitssistika zhurnala “Posev” (Moskva: Posev, 2008).

57. The NYPL has a current subscription to this title and holds almost all issues in *QCA (Grani).

58. The NYPL holds no. 1–11, 19–44 in *QCA 75–126. There is also another set in *QCA 76–555 which includes Vol’noe slovo and its continuation Khronika tekushchikh sobytii (New York, Izd-vo Khronika). The latter set includes all issues published: no. 1 (April 1968)-64 (June 1982). No. 59 was never published.

59. See Richard H. Marshall, Thomas E. Bird, and Andrew Q. Blane, editors, Aspects of Religion in the Soviet Union, 1917–1967 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971). The first part of this work is dedicated to Anderson.

60. A.V. Kartashev and N.A. Struve, 70 let Izdatelʹstva “YMCA-Press,” 1920–1990 (Paris: YMCA-Press, c1990); A.L. Gurevich, Istoriia izdatel’stva YMCA-Press: s prilozheniem podrobnoi bibliografii knig, opublikovannykh izdatel’stvom (Moskva: Kompaniia Sputnik+, 2004); Matt Miller, “The Russian YMCA Press: Preserver and Patron of Russian Orthodox Culture,” The East-West Church & Ministry Report 15, no. 3 (Summer 2007): 2–4 and 15, no. 4 (Fall 2007): 9–11, also on the web at https://eastwestreport.org/

61. Michael Karpovich, “The Chekhov Publishing House,” The Russian Review 16, no. 1 (Jan., 1957): 53–58; P.A. Tribunskii, “ʽIzdatel’stvo imeni Chekhovaʼ Vostochno-Evropeiskogo fonda,” Pro knigi: zhurnal bibliofila no. 1 [25] (2013): 46–52; P.N. Bazanov, “Izdatel’stvo imeni Chekhova,” Novyi zhurnal no. 276 (2014): 276–287. “Chekhov Publishing House Records, 1951–1958” are held at the Bakhmeteff Archive, Columbia University, https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4078336.

Vera Alexandrova, Editor-in-Chief of the Chekhov Publishing House, was a frequent reader at the NYPL’s Slavonic Division. Another Russian émigré, Tatiana Terentieva, who in the 1960s was a typing assistant in the Slavonic Division of the NYPL, also worked as an editor for the Chekhov Publishing House. Information provided by Edward Kasinec.

62. Since the World War II, it was called Les Livres étrangers. After the war, Kaplan established business relations with the Soviet export agency Mezhkniga (The International Book) and started supplying libraries and universities in the West with Soviet and Russian books. The bookstore went out of business in 1991, as did many others. Its business was acquired from the liquidators by Collet’s bookshop that existed in London since 1934. D. Guzevich, “Parizhskii «Dom knigi» (Mikhail Kaplan),” in: M. Parkhomovskii and D. Guzevich, eds. Russkie evrei vo Frantsii: stat’i, publikatsii, memuary i esse, v. 2, Russkoe evreistvo v zarubezh’e v. 4 (9) (Ierusalim: Nauchno-issledovatelʹskii tsentr “Russkoe evreiistvo v zarubezh’e,” 2002), 98–110.

63. Edwin McDowell, “Exile Writers Hold Own Book Fair,” New York Times, Sept. 15, 1981, p. C.7; A. Nikolaev, “Iarmarka Podonkov,” Literaturnaia gazeta, Sept. 30, 1981, p. 14; Vasily P. Aksyonov, “Fie, Comrade Nikolaev,” New York Times, Nov. 10, 1981, p. A.23.

64. See a companion volume edited by William Zeisel: Censorship: 500 Years of Conflict (New York, N.Y.: The New York Public Library, 1984).

65. See a catalog: Marianna Tax Choldin, Censorship in the Slavic World: An Exhibition in The New York Public Library, June 1-October 15, 1984 (New York, N.Y.: The New York Public Library, 1984). The exhibit was the newly-appointed (Jan. 1984) Chief of the Slavonic Division Edward Kasinec’s first charge from Gregorian. It was not the first time that the issue of censorship in Slavic lands was addressed by the NYPL. See for example, Avrahm Yarmolinsky, “A Note on the Censorship of Foreign Books in Russia under Nicholas I,” Bulletin of the New York Public Library 38, no. 11 (Nov. 1934): 907–910.

66. Choldin served as Director of the Mortenson Center, a division of the University of Illinois library in Urbana-Champaign that specializes in international library programs. She has presented and written extensively about censorship in Russia. See for example: A Fence around the Empire: Russian Censorship of Western Ideas under the Tsars (Durham, [N.C.]: Duke University Press, 1985) and Garden of Broken Statues: Exploring Censorship in Russia (Boston, Mass.: Academic Studies Press, 2016).

67. Choldin eventually recreated this exhibition at the University of Illinois. She kept the framed poster publicizing the exhibition at the NYPL in her office where it caught the attention of Katia Genieva (1946–2015), the legendary Director of the Library for Foreign Literature in Moscow. They went on to prepare an exhibition on censorship which was first shown in Moscow and later in other cities in Russia and other countries of the former Soviet Union. Marianna Tax Choldin, “Katia,” Slavic & East European Information Resources 17, no. 4 (2016): 317–318, 324; Ia.L. Shraiberg, Moi drug Katia Genieva, v. 3 (Moskva: Pashkov dom, 2021), 87–89 (memoir of Edward Kasinec).