Studying the ophthalmic toxicity potential of developed ketoconazole loaded nanoemulsion in situ gel formulation for ophthalmic administration

Abstract

Ocular fungal infections are one of the essential reasons for vision loss, especially in developing countries for tropical regions. Ketoconazole (KZ), a broad-spectrum antifungal drug, is a lipophilic compound and practically insoluble in water. Since topical ophthalmic drug delivery confronts low bioavailability, an in situ gel formulation is designed to improve the residence time and consequently the bioavailability. Safety of the developed formulation as a carrier for ophthalmic drug delivery was measured using three different methods: MTT assay for measuring cell viability in which the human retinal pigmentation epithelial cells (RPE) were used, HET-CAM as a borderline method between in vivo and in vitro techniques for investigating the irritation potential of the chosen formulation which was done by adding formulation directly on the CAM surface and visually monitoring the vessels in terms of irritation reactions, and finally the modified Draize test for evaluating tolerability of the selected formulation on eyes. According to our results from the MTT test, cell viability for KZ-NE in situ gel formulation at 0.1% concentration was acceptable. The results obtained from the HET-CAM investigation didn’t show any sign of vessel injury on the CAM surface for prepared formulation. Additionally, during 24 hours, the developed formulation was tolerable by rabbit eyes. Regarding our results, KZ-NE in situ gel formulation was non-irritant and non-toxic and can be well-tolerated and presented as an applicable vehicle for ophthalmic delivery of the anti-fungal drug.

Keywords:

• Anti-fungal
• ketoconazole
• nanoemulsion in situ gel
• HET-CAM
• draize
• MTT

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

We would like to declare that the current research is a part of Mr. Mohammad Tavakoli’s doctorate dissertation, funded by Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Moreover, the vice-chancellor of the research committee authorizes this research [Grant No. 9803212159].