https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6796-5144
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ABSTRACT
In the current scientific studies, a flat-sheet module pilot plant with an HPP-200 nanofiltration membrane was employed to process an ethylene glycol-water mixture from Jayshree Chemicals, Ankleshwar, India, that contained a significant amount of sodium sulfate. The membrane clogged due to degradation fueled by the excessive salt concentration. Hence, the solution was treated because it was diminished, and the impact of dilution was investigated. Consequently, fouling occurs due to increased flux and reduced concentration polarization. 294, 490, and 784 Kpa pressures were applied to the solution. With the dilution factor, the flow rises while the rejection decreases. Rejection rates range from 97% for membrane plugging without dilution to 92% for five folds and 85% for ten folds dilution. The efficacy of chemical cleaning was investigated using 2% solutions of citric acid and ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA). Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis revealed alterations in membrane structure resulting from interactions with the sodium sulfate feed solution. Scanning Electron microscope (SEM) analysis showed substantial fouling on the membrane surface, which was successfully eliminated through chemical cleaning process. The implementation of dilution and pressure control strategies demonstrated efficacy in the mitigation of fouling phenomena and the enhancement of membrane performance. The efficacy of EDTA in flux recovery (69.84%) was superior to that of citric acid (55.77%) during chemical cleaning processes. These findings have potential to facilitate the implementation of nanofiltration technology in industrial wastewater treatment processes on commercial scale.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the P P Savani University research facility to perform the experiments and permission to publish this research.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Author contributions
All the authors make substantial contribution in this manuscript. JPM, DSP and DKK performed all the experiments and drafted the manuscript. JPM and BKT wrote the main manuscript, all the authors discussed the results and implication of the manuscript at all stages.
Availability of data and material
All relevant data and material are presented in the main paper.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Jigesh Mehta
Mr. Jigesh Mehta is working as Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, P P Savani University, Surat, Gujarat, India, since 2018. He is pursing Doctoral degree in Chemical Engineering from C V M University, VallabhVidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, India. He has published 10 papers in national & international journal articles. Currently, He has also been involved in organizing various seminars/webinar and FDP programme, funded by GUJARAT COUNCIL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.
D. S. Panwar
Dr. D. S. Panwar is working as Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, P P Savani University, Surat, Gujarat, India, since 2019. Prior to his academic career, he completed his Doctoral degree in Fuel Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad. He has published more than 24 international journal articles from his research work. Currently, he is actively involved in many research programmes in collaboration with Gujarat Government. He has also been involved in various Projects, seminars/webinar and FDP programme, funded by GUJARAT COUNCIL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.
Deepak Kohli
Dr. Deepak kohli is working as Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, P P Savani University, Surat, Gujarat, India, since 2020. Prior to his academic career, he completed his Doctoral degree in chemical engineering from Indian National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar. He has published more than 12 international journal articles from his research work. Currently, he is actively involved in many research programmes in collaboration with Gujarat Government. He has also been involved in various Projects, seminars/webinar and FDP programme, funded by GUJARAT COUNCIL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.
Balraj Tudu
Dr. Balraj Tudu is working as Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, P P Savani University, Surat, Gujarat, India, since 2022. Prior to his academic career, he completed his Doctoral degree in Chemical Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad. He has published more than 10 international journal articles from his research work. Dr. Tudu is also awarded with Inder-mohan Thapar Research award 2021 at Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad.
Vishal Shah
Mr. Vishal Shah is working as Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, P P Savani University, Surat, Gujarat, India, since 2022. He is pursing Doctoral degree in Chemical Engineering from Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India. He has published 5 papers in national & international journals. Currently, He has also been involved in organizing various seminars/webinar and FDP programme at department.
Jigna Patel
Ms. Jigna Patel has been working as Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, P P Savani University, Surat, Gujarat, India, since 2022. She has completed her graduation in Chemical engineering and post-graduation in Environmental engineering from Sarvajanik College of Engineering and Technology, Surat. She has more than 10 years of experience in Academic as well as in Industry. She has published more than 10 National and International journal articles in various areas.
Hitesh Panchal
Dr. Hitesh Panchal obtained his Ph.D. in Solar Thermal Engineering in 2015 from KSV University Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. He is currently working as Assistant Professor in Mechanical Engineering Department in Government Engineering College Patan. Dr. Panchal has published 200 plus Research papers in reputed International Journal publications like Taylor and Francis, Springer, Elsevier, ASME, etc., and received 8900 plus Google scholar citations with H index 57 and I10 index 185. Dr. Panchal obtained 28 prestigious awards includes Tech GURU Award, Pedagogical Innovation Award, SSIP Prashansha Award, Preeminent Researcher Award, Best Ph.D. Thesis Award, Young Scientist Award, Bright Researchers Award, and many more. Dr. Panchal has completed 3 Research projects and currently working on a Research project under STEM grant, Education Department, Government of Gujarat. Dr Panchal filed 30 Full patents and 15 Industrial designs, and among them, two full patents and forteen industrial designs had granted. His areas of interest include “Solar Desalination, I C Engine emission analysis, Automobile engineering, etc. Dr. Panchal selected in the Top 2 % Indian scientist in Energy Category published by Stanford University & Elsevier during 2019 to 2021.
Ankit D. Oza
Dr. Ankit D. Oza is working as an Assistant Professor in the department of mechanical engineering, Parul University, Vadodara, India. His major area is manufacturing and he has published more than 60 articles, 25 conference articles and delivered 15+ expert lecture. He has also 25+ garneted patent (Indian + International).
Kiran Bhole
Dr. Kiran Bhole is working as an Associate Professor in the department of mechanical engineering, Sardar Patel College of Engineering, Mumbai, India. His major area is design and manufacturing and he has published more than 80 articles, 36 conference articles and delivered 10+ expert lecture.
Naveen Kumar Gupta
Dr. Naveen Kumar Gupta is working as Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, GLA University, Mathura. He has 17 years of teaching and research experience. His research interest is in Heat Exchangers, Electronics cooling, Solar desalination and Refrigeration- Air conditioning. He did PhD in Mechanical Engineering from IIT(ISM) Dhanbad. He has published 50+ research papers in reputed international journals/ conferences. • He has published many patents. One patent has been granted to him. He has organized many international conferences and five days training programs. Under his guidance 4 PhD students have completed their Doctorate.
Chander Prakash
Dr. Chander Prakash is professor at lovely professional university, Punjab. He has published more than 40 books and author and published more than 120+ articles on the reputed journals and attended 100+ conferences. He has visited many countries and having strong research profile. He has also patent holder of more than 26 Indian and international.