Enhanced frequency stabilization in a restructured power system leveraging Demand response strategy for source and Load Intermittency

ABSTRACT

This article addresses the complexities brought about by the increased integration of renewable energy sources into power networks, a trend that can lead to system degradation and instability. In response, this study advocates for the adoption of a Demand Response (DR) approach as a pivotal component in ensuring the future reliability of the electric power system. To facilitate frequency regulation in an interconnected hybrid power system, a modified two-degree-of-freedom (fractional order proportional integral)-tilt derivative [TDOF (FOPI)-TD] controller has been developed. The controller’s parameters are finely tuned through the application of Quasi Opposition-based Harris Hawks Optimization (QOHHO), a method proven to outperform other optimization algorithms. The findings demonstrate a significant enhancement in system frequency stability with the implementation of the QOHHO-based controller, even when factoring in uncertainties, physical constraints, and high penetration of renewable energy sources. Additionally, an evaluation of variations in system frequencies and tie-line power adjustments reveals minimal deviations with DR, measuring at −3.59E–05, −1.89E–04, and 9.26E–05, respectively. In stark contrast, in the absence of DR implementation, the deviations are notably higher, recorded at −1.31E–04, −2.73E–04, and 1.73E–04, respectively. Furthermore, a real-time assessment conducted on the OPAL-RT OP4510 platform validates the proposed strategy’s applicability under source and load intermittency conditions. This substantiates its effectiveness in real-world scenarios.

KEYWORDS:

• Demand response (DR)
• fractional control
• interconnected power system
• energy storage
• source and load intermittency

Nomenclature

k	=	Subscript denotes a particular interconnected area
Bk, Rk	=	Bias and droop factor
Dk, Hk	=	Power system damping and inertial factor
Tkl	=	Regional synchronization factor
$\mathrm{\Delta }$fk$\mathrm{\Delta }$Ptie12, error	=	Deviation in frequency and tie-line power
Tg, Tt	=	Governor and turbine time-constant of thermal unit
Kr, Tr	=	Reheater coefficient and associated time constant
Tcr Tf	=	Combustion process and delay associated with biogas.
bv, Tcd	=	Actuation of the valve and the delay in biogas discharge
Tgst Ttst	=	Solar control system and turbine temporal constant.
Ks, Ts	=	Solar field efficiency and temporal constant
Ktt, Ktd	=	Tilt parameter and derivative gain factor
σ, ϕ	=	Fractional and tilt factor

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Abhishek Saxena

Abhishek Saxena, received bachelor’s and master’s degrees in electrical engineering from Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya (State Technological University of Madhya Pradesh), Bhopal, India, in 2012 and 2016, respectively. He is working toward a Ph.D. degree in power systems with the National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, India. His current research interests include demand response applications in power systems, cyber-physical systems, and power system optimization.

Ravi Shankar

Ravi Shankar, received a Ph.D. degree in power systems from the Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad, India, in 2015. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, India. He has authored many research publications, which include journals of international repute. His research interests include soft computing techniques, artificial intelligent control design, flexible ac transmission system device, renewable power, and energy storage application in power systems.