https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5498-6413
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ABSTRACT
This study aims to examine the effects of biogas input ratio on the engine performance, combustion characteristics, and emissions of dual-fuel mode diesel engines fueled by waste cooking oil biodiesel combined with biogas. The engine test was carried out in dual-fuel mode biodiesel-biogas operation with variations in the methane content of the biogas and biogas energy ratio in excess of 90%. The methane gas content was varied from 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% with different applied loads. A constant engine speed of 2400 rpm is used for all tests. It has been shown that increasing the methane content of the biogas can improve the brake thermal efficiency, particularly at high loads. A maximum brake thermal efficiency of 29.3% can be achieved on dual fuel with 100% methane gas content. This value has increased by 7.51% compared to biodiesel fuel under the same load conditions. Biogas with 100% methane gas also reaches cylinder pressures of 8.07 MPa and rate of heat release of 35.8 J/deg-1 at high load operation. This study confirmed that the use of biogas with more than 90% biogas energy ratio can be operated in a dual fuel mode. At low and medium loads, nitrous oxide emissions are drastically reduced at biogas energy ratios of up to 90%, 82.8%, and 65.1%, respectively. The study also identified the optimum biogas energy ratio operating range of 60–90% for maximum thermal efficiency and low emissions.
Nomenclature
| GHG | = | Greenhouse gas |
| WCO | = | Waste cooking oil |
| HC | = | Hydrocarbons emission |
| CO | = | Carbon monoxide emission |
| CO2 | = | Carbon dioxide emission |
| NO | = | Nitric oxide |
| PM | = | Particulate matter |
| CH4 | = | Methane |
| CH3OH | = | Methanol |
| CR | = | Compression ratio |
| DFM | = | Dual fuel mode |
| SFM | = | Single fuel mode |
| BTE | = | Brake thermal efficiency |
| BG60M | = | Biogas contains 60% methane gas and 40% CO2 gas |
| BG70M | = | Biogas contains 70% methane gas and 30% CO2 gas |
| BER | = | Biogas energy ratio |
| M40 | = | Biogas contains 40% methane gas and 60% CO2 gas |
| M60 | = | Biogas contains 60% methane gas and 40% CO2 gas |
| M80 | = | Biogas contains 80% methane gas and 20% CO2 gas |
| M100 | = | Biogas contains 100% methane gas |
| COVmaxp | = | Coefficient of variation at maximum pressure |
| HP | = | Horsepower |
| ATDC | = | At top dead center |
| ROHR | = | rate of heat release |
Acknowledgements
We thank Robert Ireland, PhD, from Edanz (https://jp.edanz.com/ac) for editing a draft of this manuscript. This work was supported by f3 Engineering Education and Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Iman Kasih Telaumbanua
Iman Kasih Telaumbanua Conceptualization, Data analysis, Writing – original draft.
Yoshihiko Oishi
Yoshihiko Oishi, Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft.
Daichi Ogawa
Daichi Ogawa, Methodology, Data analysis, Writing – original draft.
Hideki Kawai
Hideki Kawai, Funding acquisition, Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review and editing.
Himsar Ambarita
Himsar Ambarita Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review and editing.