https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4354-9058
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand how first generation Latino parents, whose primary language is Spanish and live in a colonia on the U.S.-Mexico border, use screen time in their homes.
Methods: A purposeful sampling approach was used to recruit eligible parents of pre-adolescents (ages 9–14) who were native Spanish speakers, and living on the U.S.-Mexico border. Three focus groups in Spanish (two with mothers and one with fathers) were conducted. Data were codified using a general inductive approach based on grounded theory. A consensus process was repeated until a final codebook was developed.
Results: Screen time allowed parents to foster familismo (family cohesiveness and bonding) and respeto (respect). Parents knew that a healthy balance of media use is important, but broader social contexts (marital discord and economics) challenged the enforcement of familial screen time rules and parents were often permissive.
Conclusions: Our study addressed research gaps by examining the understudied social and cultural contexts (practices, routines, rules, and beliefs) that shape children’s screen time use among a sample of Latino immigrants living on the U.S.-Mexico border. This sample of parents indicated that familismo and respeto (i.e., cohesiveness and bonding) influence familial decision-making including screen time.
Introduction
Screen time is the amount of time a person spends using a device with a screen such as a television (TV), computer, video game console, mobile phone, or tablet. Excessive screen time and other sedentary behaviours are associated with an increased risk for obesity, lower physical fitness, greater anti-social behaviours, and lower academic achievement in children and adolescents (Hancox, Milne, & Poulton, Citation2004; Robinson et al., Citation2017; Tremblay et al., Citation2011). Although the displacement of physical activity with screen time in children is not strongly associated with obesity (Ramsey Buchanan et al., Citation2016), the lack of physical activity is associated with weight gain and an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease, and some forms of cancer (Citation2018Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee, 2018). Screen time is also associated with the consumption of high caloric, low nutrient foods in both children and adults (Ford, Ward, & White, Citation2012; Pearson & Biddle, Citation2011). Finally, incessant screen time and exposure to blue light, particularly around bedtime, are related to sleep disturbances (Bruni et al., Citation2015). Hence, too much screen time may usurp healthy behaviours and can be detrimental to children’s health.
While some evidence indicates that traditional TV watching among United States (U.S.) adolescents has decreased (Gingold, Simon, & Schoendorf, Citation2014; Pew Research Center, Citation2018; Ryu, Kim, Kang, Pedisic, & Loprinzi, Citation2019), findings from these same studies also suggests that overall screen time has increased because adolescents use new and different platforms (i.e., computers, cell phones, and other mobile devices) to primarily access social media (i.e., Snapchat, YouTube, and Instagram) (Gingold et al., Citation2014; Pew Research Center, Citation2018; Ryu et al., Citation2019). Data from the 2003 to 2015 Youth Risk Behaviour Surveillance System, a nationally representative sample of 9–12th grade students (typically 14–19 years old) in the U.S., showed that TV watching decreased from 4.1 hours per day (h/1day) to 3.3 h/day, while computer use increased from 3.2 h/day to 4.0 h/day (Ryu et al., Citation2019). Similar screen time trends have been observed in children and adolescents from Australia (ages 0–12) and Europe (ages 11, 13, and 15) (Bucksch et al., Citation2016; Tooth, Moss, Hockey, & Mishra, Citation2019). Furthermore, children from low-income, low parent education families spend more screen time per day than children from high-income, higher parent education families (Rideout, Citation2017).
Most of what is known about screen time behaviours and family screen time rules in the U.S. is based on middle class white children and their families (American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Communications and Media, Citation2016; Taveras, Hohman, Price, Gortmaker, & Sonneville, Citation2009); groups not disproportionately affected by health disparities. Ethnic minority adolescents in the U.S. have higher TV watching percentages than their white counterparts (Gingold et al., Citation2014; Taveras et al., Citation2009). Some research has found that 67% of minority parents (i.e., Latino and African American) allow their children aged 2–13 years to have a TV in their bedroom (Taveras et al., Citation2009). Latino children have lower levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity (American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Communications and Media, Citation2016; Andersen, Crespo, Bartlett, Cheskin, & Pratt, Citation1998; Gordon-Larsen, McMurray, & Popkin, Citation2000) and are more likely to be inactive (Dugas et al., Citation2008) than their white counterparts Hence, more research is needed to explore how the home environment may influence sedentary behaviours. Although it is known that Latino parents are concerned about children’s screen time (Gingold et al., Citation2014), little is known about the social cultural contexts of screen time in Latino children, in particular, low-income immigrant Latino families from the U.S.-Mexico border living in colonias. A colonia, Spanish for neighbourhood, is an unannexed section of a U.S.-Mexico border city/town lacking basic services such as paved roads and waste management. Colonia residents have higher poverty rates, lower educational attainment, and greater prevalence of chronic health conditions such as obesity and T2D than the U.S.as a whole (De La Puente & Stemper, Citation2003).
Given the lack of investigation into familial screen time practices among first generation Latino families, we seek to explore the social and cultural contexts, specifically practices, routines, rules, and beliefs, that shape how screen time is used. The purpose of this exploratory qualitative study was to understand how Latino immigrant parents, whose primary language is Spanish and live on the U.S.-Mexico border in a colonia, engage with screen time in their homes.
Materials and methods
Study design and sample
The internal review board of a large research institution approved all research protocols and materials (IRB number: HSC-SPH-07-0619). We used purposeful sampling for this exploratory focus group study. Focus groups, as a qualitative research tool, are a cost-effective method to obtain and understand perceptions, opinions, feelings, and behaviours about a particular phenomenon in a group setting, where group members have similar characteristics. Eligible focus group participants were parents of pre-adolescents (ages 9–14), native Spanish speakers, and living on the U.S.-Mexico border in a colonia. Parents of pre-adolescents were selected because screen time habits of pre-adolescents are diverse (use of more than one platform) and still influenced by the home environment. Furthermore, at the time of this study, a community-wide media campaign (Reininger et al., Citation2015) to increase physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption in adults was being implemented throughout the area, including the selected colonia. Similar efforts with pre-adolescents were being planned, but how Latino families engage with screen time in their homes needed to be investigated first. This specific colonia is among the poorest areas of the U.S. (the per capita income is 8,518 USD) and less than 50% of adults living in the colonia have a high school education (CitationU.S. Census Bureau).
A promotora (community health worker) trained in research procedures recruited eligible parents living in this specific colonia on the U.S.-Mexico border via word of mouth. Word of mouth was used to recruit participants because the trained promotora had an established relationship with colonia residents as part of the community-wide campaign. The day before each scheduled focus group session, the promotora called eligible parents to confirm their attendance. All of the recruited female participants attended the focus groups, but six of the 10 male participants recruited for the study did not attend. Participants also completed a brief socio-demographic survey to describe their characteristics: age, gender, number of adults and children in the household, and information on screen time habits and services available in the home such as the types of screens, TV in the bedroom, and Internet, cable, and satellite.
Focus group guide & data collection
We developed a semi-structured focus group guide based on a literature review related to screen time family policies in the home (Citation2018Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee, 2018; Hancox et al., Citation2004; Taveras et al., Citation2009). English/Spanish bilingual study staff translated and back-translated the questions to ascertain accuracy. The questions were then pilot tested with other bilingual university promotoras, not associated with the current study. Their feedback resulted in a 10-item, with probes, open-ended semi-structured focus group guide (). Focus group moderators were also trained to use probes, such as “tell me more about … ” to obtain detailed and meaningful responses from the participants about topics not included on the focus group guide.
Table I. Semi-structured focus group guide: 10 open-ended questions and probes
A total of 20 parents participated in the study: two focus groups with mothers and one with fathers. The mother focus groups consisted of eight women each and occurred during a weekday morning at a church. The fathers met during a weekday evening at a community centre. These locations, a church and a community centre, were selected because they were convenient and easily accessible by all participants. Participation in focus groups was voluntary, anonymous, and confidential. All participants provided written informed consent for participation. Participants received 10 USD gift cards from a national retailer and nutrient-dense refreshments for their participation in the study.
Focus groups were systematic and sequential as recommended by Krueger and Casey (Krueger & Casey, Citation2014). Research staff trained in focus group methodology conducted all three focus groups in Spanish. Focus groups were conducted over a 4-month period. The same Mexico-born female moderator conducted the two female focus groups and a Mexico-born male moderator conducted the male focus group. Additionally, as endorsed by Krueger and Casey (Krueger & Casey, Citation2014), three Spanish speaking female observers took notes at each focus group. Each focus group started with a general overview of the study, the focus group process, and the anonymity and confidential nature of the study. Research staff obtained informed consent from all participants before the start of each focus group. On average, the focus groups lasted 90 minutes. All focus groups were digitally audio-recorded. Research staff members transcribed the digital recordings verbatim and translated the transcripts into English. For quality control, the lead author crosschecked both the Spanish transcripts and the English translated transcripts for accuracy. We present the data from the English language translations of the transcripts here.
Analysis
We used IBM SPSS Statistics version 20.0 to calculate frequencies, means, and standard deviations (SDs) for the socio-demographic data. A thematic analysis approach based on grounded theory was used to analyse the focus group data, which allows themes to emerge from the data (Strauss & Corbin, Citation2007). All coding was iterative and collaborative. To establish codes, categories, and sub-categories, two of the investigators manually (paper and pen) and independently reviewed, abstracted, and coded a segment (four pages) of the de-identified transcript from the first focus group with mothers. The researchers then met to discuss their codes, categories, subcategories, and rationale. After the initial meeting, the two investigators continued to manually and independently review, abstract, and code an additional four pages. The two researchers independently developed provisional codebooks (code name and description, categories, subcategories, and examples for each). Then the researchers met to discuss their codes (agreements and discrepancies of assigned codes) and merged their provisional codebooks. This consensus meeting process was repeated four more times until the entire transcript was coded. These codification and abstraction processes were done iteratively to test, revise, and refine the thematic classifications and to develop a final codebook. Themes identified were further compared and contrasted for similarity and/or difference in responses by a third investigator.
At each consensus meeting, to assess coding agreement, we calculated the percentage of agreement for the most frequently coded sections of the transcript. Coding agreement, inter-coder reliability, was when both coders assigned the same code to the main idea of a segment from a transcript (Burla et al., Citation2008). The overall inter-coder reliability for the transcript was 91.4%. Using the final codebook, we used NVivo to code the other two transcripts.
Consensus between the three investigators regarding codification and abstraction resulted in five identified themes related to the socio-cultural environment of the participants. Categories and themes are presented and appropriate quotes were selected (Strauss & Corbin, Citation2007).
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics and screen time habits
depicts the socio-demographic characteristics and screen time habits of the sample. Parents in the purposeful sample were born in Mexico. The average age of mothers was 36 years old (SD = 5.2; n = 16) and the average age of the fathers was 34.3 years old (SD = 5.1; n = 4). The majority of parents (88.9%) were concerned about the amount of TV watched by their children, 63.2% reported to have screen time rules in their homes, and 45% stated that it was difficult to establish screen time rules. Most households had a TV in the child’s bedroom (80%) and provided a multiple-screen environment; all households had cable/satellite TV and/or Internet services. Although the semi-structured focus group guide allowed for probing questions, most of the probes primarily focused on TV and televised programming.
Table II. Socio-demographic characteristics and screen time habits of participants (N = 20)
Identified themes
We identified five key themes: (1) use of screen time in the home; (2) screen time rules, (3) screen content, (4) screens and food, and (5) alternate activities. shows the categories within each identified theme by focus group.
Table III. Categories within each identified theme by focus group
Use of screen time in the home
All of the parents discussed the use of screen time in the home. All families had more than one TV set. Children’s screen time included use of TV, computers, cell phones, and video games (both hand-held and those connected to a monitor), whereas parental screen time primarily was TV. Some parents reported that excessive screen time was not an issue, while others described children as “hooked” to screens and brainwashed by TV. Mothers reported constant use of TV even if no one was watching. Mothers did not perceive their constant TV use as a screen time role-modelling behaviour for their children. Children viewed both U.S. (e.g., ABC, CBS, NBC, cable networks, Univision, and Telemundo) and Mexico (e.g., Televisa and TV Azteca) TV programming. Screens served as a diversion to amuse children when other options were unavailable, as a babysitter, as a mediator to avert conflicts, arguments, and disturbances, and as an educational tool.
Mother Focus Group 2 (FG2): I’m hooked, whatever I have to do it’s [the TV] on. I might not be watching but I’m listening. Sometimes my husband turns it off. He tells me, “You’re not even watching.” And then, the kids … when they go to their bedroom, they also have the TV on.
Father: Well, it’s important because when you don’t work, I mean you don’t have the money to go out, then that’s all there is. You rent a movie and you watch it. I believe it’s essential, but with limits.
Father:Not to struggle [with the kids] and for them [the kids] not to be fussy or annoying others.
Mother Focus Group 1 (FG1): I like “La Rosa de Guadalupe” [famous Mexican drama with a moral storyline]. I make them watch it with me so they can learn, by the end they are crying. This show teaches them something.
Screen time rules
Screen time rules addressed use, punishments, and compliance with rules. All parents discussed the importance of screen time rules in the home, in particular, how schoolwork supersedes use of screens. Parents emphasized that they are trying to pass down the lessons and philosophy of their parents, especially since children are influenced by peers. All families limited screen time as punishment; however, enforcement was a challenge. Compliance with household rules was dependent on the individual child because some children obey and others do not. Fathers discussed how parents did not consistently enforce their own rules because of desidia (ambivalence). The mothers mentioned that for children to comply with family rules, husbands (fathers) must support their judgements and decisions. Only one mother stated that her family established a screen time rule for weight management.
Mother FG1: They know that there are rules. My son’s grades were dropping and my husband banned TV.
Father: One is also to blame because you tell them, “You are not allowed to watch TV, you are punished.” Then you say, “If you behave you can watch TV.” The punishment is lifted.
Father: It is desidia [Spanish for “ambivalence”], because if one says, “No, they don’t listen to me.” It’s carelessness, indolence because kids do listen, but one doesn’t want to be bothered with prohibiting things because if you tell them don’t do this, don’t do that, they talk back and [one doesn’t want] to make the child angry or whatever.
Mother FG1: Especially in front of the kids … when your husband doesn’t back you up since he isn’t home and doesn’t know what happened and then he lets the kids watch something or lets the kids chat on the computer.
Screen content
All parents noted the mature/adult nature (sex, drugs, narco-trafficking, and violence) of TV programming, advertisements, video games, and on the Internet. Parents yearned for programming from their youth (in particular, “El Chavo del Ocho” and “Viruta y Capulina”) to U.S. children’s shows. “El Chavo del Ocho” is a Mexican satirical sitcom, originally broadcasted 1972 to 1980, that centred on the trials and tribulations of a poor orphan boy. “Viruta y Capulina,” is a Mexican comedy duo, whose heyday was 1956 to 1966, featured in films, radio, theatre, and comic books. Parents stated that American programming and fictional U.S. English-speaking TV characters were negative influencers. Fathers believed that screens indoctrinated modern and liberal attitudes in the family and in society.
Mother FG1: My nephew’s grades dropped because he has an X-Box and the games are violent. Now, my son wants one. He begs me for one. My husband asks if he should buy him one. I told him, “No!”
Father: Back in the day when they aired cartoons, just cartoons and movies of “Capulina and Viruta.” It was wholesome, nothing violent, and, now the women in telenovelas are in their bathing suits and they bend over. Not telenovelas, not cartoons, nothing is safe, you need to be vigilant.
Mother FG2: The kids on TV shows are rebellious. They answer back, they do things they shouldn’t, they are out of control. Recently my daughter started to tell me that she does not want to live with me anymore. Until one day I heard the TV … if I call to her, she ignores me, or if I speak sternly, she raises her voice to me. She watches that show and she sees this girl doing whatever she wants with her dad; she leaves without permission, her dad is always after her, she shouts louder than her father and leaves him talking to himself. My daughter was becoming like that.
Father: Because things weren’t shown like they are now. The father was stricter, but now … That is why what’s happening is happening … Before they followed the fathers’ rules.
Screens and food
There was a disconnect between what mothers said their families ate, especially during screen time, and what they believed. Mothers commented on the influence of food advertisements and food product placement in TV shows on their children’s eating habits as well as their own, but most stated that snacking on calorie-dense foods and consumption of poor diet quality foods, in general, were not a problem for their families. Mothers believed that other people’s children had poor eating habits, not their own. Although mothers noted the role of food habits on health, including poor food choices, overeating, and childhood obesity, only one mother mentioned that she made changes to the family’s diet because of health concerns. None of the fathers discussed food habits and its influence on health. Two fathers discussed the restriction of foods to dining areas during screen time to maintain cleanliness.
Mother FG1: They want Dairy Queen instead of craving what we have in the kitchen.
Mother FG2: I let my kids eat all the fruit they want when watching TV, but I limit Coke. My children will have half a Coca-Cola. Maybe once a week we have pizza.
Mother FG1: I have a niece, she’s 8, very chubby, she’s always eating. She lives in Dallas, she visits me … they are coming for Christmas. I tell her we have rule: if you want a snack you can only have fruit. She loves a big bag of hot Cheetos, but I won’t let her snack. My sister’s house is full of frozen foods, I cook … so now my nieces want my sister to cook like me. Everything is frozen, they eat that and they are very chubby.
Father: I don’t like it because when they are served food they go to bed to watch TV. One thing that truly upsets me more than anything is that they must learn that the table is for eating, the bed is for rest, and the TV is for watching. And besides eating there [in bed], they make a mess.
Alternate activities
Fathers favoured activities that combined family unity and physical activity as alternatives to screen time. They mentioned picnics, watching movies at theatres, visiting family members across the border, walks, soccer, volleyball, bicycle rides, and swimming. Two fathers remarked that marital discord minimized participation in physical activity as a family. Only two mothers talked about physical activity as an alternate to screen time, but only about their children’s physical activity. One mother connected screen time (sedentary behaviour) with childhood obesity; however, she did not attribute her child’s overweight status to screen time.
Father:For me, soccer … my son plays soccer so does my daughter. All of my family likes soccer.
Father: I believe going to the park, riding a bike, go for a walk, but it’s a two-way street. I would need to speak with my wife because sometimes she says that she doesn’t have time, that she’s tired, that she was doing housework all day, but above all the couple should be in agreement.
Father: Because even though one gets home tired, is annoyed more than anything else because of marital problems, you fight, and the ones who suffer are the kids.
Mother FG2: If I take them outside they are happy. They could spend the entire afternoon playing outside: riding their bikes, on the skateboard, running, playing ball, they play whatever.
Discussion
This exploratory focus group study examined and described the social and cultural contexts (i.e., practices, routines, rules, and beliefs) of screen time in the home of Latino families living on the U.S.-Mexico border. The themes that emerged from this research provide a foundation for further confirmatory research and potential intervention strategies to reduce screen time and other sedentary behaviours.
Similar to previous studies, our findings show that for Latino families living on the U.S.-Mexico border, screen time served as a multi-purpose parenting tool with functions that included babysitting, entertaining, education, and sustaining family harmony (He, Piché, Beynon, & Harris, Citation2010; Taveras et al., Citation2009). Two traditional Latino values, which influence parenting style, are familismo (familism: the orientation, obligation, and accountability to the family) and respeto (respect: both respect and obedience to parents and other authoritative family members) (Calzada, Citation2010). Screen time helped parents to foster familismo: address household responsibilities, prevent disputes, educate, and amuse children. However, screen time was also a menace to respeto primarily because of more mature content (compared to when parents were children). Parents believed that screen time taught children to disrespect parental authority and encouraged disobedience. This dissonance that parents experience is not addressed by current screen time interventions (Sanders, Parent, Forehand, Sullivan, & Jones, Citation2016). Parents knew that a healthy balance of media use is important, but broader social contexts (marital discord and economics) challenged the enforcement of familial screen time rules and rules were often permissive. Fathers used the term desidia to describe the reason for leniency. Translation of desidia has many nuances; including indecisiveness, ambivalence, uncertainty, doubt, hesitation, inaction, negligence, indolence, carelessness, procrastination, and laziness. Future research could focus on discerning which translation of desidia describes the parental experience and how to counter desidia. Furthermore, screen time reduction strategies should reinforce the values of familismo and respeto. For example, future interventions could help families to identify parent-approved screen content that have cultural significance (e.g., “El Chavo del Ocho”) (American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Communications and Media, Citation2016; Robinson et al., Citation2017).
In this sample, only mothers discussed the influence of food advertisements and food product placement on TV and familial snacking during screen time. Mothers were responsible for food and snack offerings and most claimed to offer healthful options (ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables). The mothers linked consumption of foods of poor nutritional value with obesity and other health outcomes, yet most believed this to be a common problem in other families but not their own. Although skills-based interventions reinforce the health reasons for restricting snacking during screen time, research on parental perceptions of the home food environment and strategies to help parents link the home food environment and familial dietary behaviours to obesity are warranted (McGuire, Hannan, Neumark-Sztainer, Cossrow, & Story, Citation2002; Taverno Ross et al., Citation2018; Thompson et al., Citation2018).
Fathers deemed physical activity as a viable substitute for screen time, but suggested that minimal engagement in familial physical activity occurred because their wives do not or will not engage in physical activity. It is important to note that the mothers did not equate household tasks with physical activity and that the child-centred questions may have caused the mothers to focus only on their children’s physical activity. Future research should explore the barriers and facilitators for familial leisure-time physical activity. Interventions should help families to engage in fun and easy active play games, increase both self- and collective efficacy in physical activity, and augment the level of familial social support (praise for and from all family members) for daily physical activity (Larsen, Noble, Murray, & Marcus, Citation2015; Taverno Ross et al., Citation2018).
Limitations
Although our study uncovered significant insights of the social and cultural contexts that shape screen time use, it has several important limitations. As an exploratory qualitative study, the purpose was to understand the context of the experiences and perspectives of the parents. These findings are not generalizable to other populations, but results may be transferable to similar low-income Latino immigrant families in the U.S. Additionally, the Latino immigrant families in this study were from Mexico and are not representative of all Latino immigrant families in the U.S. Nonetheless, the notes from three observers at each focus group session were used to supplement the transcriptions and the English translations. This allowed for examination of the accuracy of the data collected, which helped to establish the credibility of the data, and ultimately, the trustworthiness of the study (Shenton, Citation2004). In particular, data checks ensured that findings came from the data and not the researchers’ inclinations. In focus groups, reserved participants may be hesitant to contribute to the focus group discussion. To counter this, both moderators were trained to monitor participant contributions to the focus group discussion and to engage all focus group participants in the dialogue. Recruitment of fathers was a challenge because of conflicts with work schedules. In an effort to combat this, we held the father focus group on a weekday evening to increase participation, but few fathers participated. A low male turnout is a common limitation with communities where the male is the primary breadwinner and time off from work often means no pay. Nonetheless, the fathers were articulate and candid.
Conclusions
Our study addressed research gaps by examining the understudied social and cultural contexts (practices, routines, rules, and beliefs) that shape children’s screen time use among a sample of Latino immigrants living in colonia on the U.S.-Mexico border. This sample of parents indicated that familismo (family cohesiveness and bonding) and respeto influence familial decision-making including screen time practices. Familismo and respeto are valued constructs in many Latino homes, but most screen time interventions do not include strategies that build and strengthen these values via leisure-time physical activities. Our study findings provide a foundation for further confirmatory research and potential intervention strategies for screen time reduction, specifically, social and cultural dimensions.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from each individual participant involved in this study.
Statement of animal welfare
This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.
Statement of human rights
This study was conducted in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments.
Acknowledgments
We thank the colonia residents who participated in this study. We also thank the focus group moderators and promotoras who assisted with data collection and analysis (Vanessa Saldaña, Alfredo Hernandez, Armando Lopez, Kyna Thatcher, Nina Martinez, Lidiana Ramirez, Lizbette Hernandez, Margarita Ramirez, and Silvia Garcia). We thank Tiffany Harris for her assistance with editing.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Additional information
Funding
Notes on contributors
Cristina S. Barroso
Cristina S. Barroso, DrPH, received her doctoral and MPH degrees from the University of Texas with a concentration in health promotion and behavioral sciences. Her main area of research is child and adolescent health disparities among Latinos. She is particularly interested in topics concerning childhood obesity, healthy eating, active living, and body image.
Andrew E. Springer
Andrew E. Springer, DrPH, research interests the promotion of child and adolescent health, including the prevention of childhood obesity and promotion of physical activity and healthy eating.
Christopher M. Ledingham
Christopher M. Ledingham, MPH, PhD, studies health program effectiveness and the impact of Coordinated School Health Programs on child and adolescent health.
Steven H. Kelder
Steven H. Kelder, PhD, MPH, has more than 25 years of experience in design and evaluation of child and adolescent research, particularly interventions directed towards youth, schools, and parents. Recently, his emphasis is on interventions designed for promotion of physical activity and healthy eating, obesity prevention, and electronic-cigarette prevention.
References
- 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. (2018). Physical activity guidelines advisory committee scientific report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2018. Retrieved from https://health.gov/paguidelines/second-edition/report/pdf/PAG_Advisory_Committee_Report.pdf
- American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Communications and Media. (2016). Media use in school-aged children and adolescents. The Journal of Pediatrics, 138(5), pii: e20162592. Retrieved from http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/138/5/e20162592.long
- Andersen, R. E., Crespo, C. J., Bartlett, S. J., Cheskin, L., & Pratt, M. (1998). Relationship of physical activity and television watching with body weight and level of fatness among children. Journal of the American Medical Association, 279(12), 938–9.
- Bruni, O., Sette, S., Fontanesi, L., Baiocco, R., Laghi, F., & Baumgartner, E. (2015). Technology use and sleep quality in preadolescence and adolescence. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 11(12), 1433–1441.
- Bucksch, J., Sigmundova, D., Hamrik, Z., Troped, P. J., Melkevik, O., Ahluwalia, N., … Inchley, J. (2016). International trends in adolescent screen-time behaviors from 2002 to 2010. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58(4), 417–425.
- Burla, L., Knierim, B., Barth, J., Liewald, K., Duetz, M., & Abel, T. (2008). From text to codings: Intercoder reliability assessment in qualitative content analysis. Nursing Research, 57(2), 113–117.
- Calzada, E. J. (2010). Bringing culture into parent training with Latinos. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 17(2), 167–175.
- De La Puente, M., & Stemper, D. (2003, September 22). The enumeration of colonias in census 2000: Perspectives of ethnographers and census enumerators. U.S. Census Bureau Statistical Research Division. Retrieved from www.census.gov/pred/www/rpts/J.4.pdf
- Dugas, L. R., Ebersole, K., Schoeller, D., Yanovski, J. A., Barquera, S., Rivera, J., … Luke, A. (2008). Very low levels of energy expenditure among pre-adolescent Mexican-American girls. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 3(2), 123–126.
- Ford, C., Ward, D., & White, M. (2012). Television viewing associated with adverse dietary outcomes in children ages 2–6. Obesity Reviews, 13(12), 1139–1147.
- Gingold, J. A., Simon, A. E., & Schoendorf, K. C. (2014). Excess screen time in US children: Association with family rules and alternative activities. Clinical Pediatrics (Philadelphia), 53(1), 41–50.
- Gordon-Larsen, P., McMurray, R. G., & Popkin, B. M. (2000). Determinants of adolescent physical activity and inactivity patterns. Pediatrics, 105(6), E83.
- Hancox, R. J., Milne, B. J., & Poulton, R. (2004). Association between child and adolescent television viewing and adult health: A longitudinal birth cohort study. Lancet, 364(9430), 257–262.
- He, M., Piché, L., Beynon, C., & Harris, S. (2010). Screen-related sedentary behaviors: Children’s and parents’ attitudes, motivations, and practices. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 42(1), 17–25.
- Krueger, R. A., & Casey, M. A. (2014). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Larsen, B. A., Noble, M. L., Murray, K. E., & Marcus, B. H. (2015). Physical activity in Latino men and women: Facilitators, barriers, and interventions. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 9(1), 4–30.
- McGuire, M. T., Hannan, P. J., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Cossrow, N. H., & Story, M. (2002). Parental correlates of physical activity in a racially/ethnically diverse adolescent sample. Journal of Adolescent Health, 30(4), 253–261.
- Pearson, N., & Biddle, S. J. (2011). Sedentary behavior and dietary intake in children, adolescents, and adults. A systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 41(2), 178–188.
- Pew Research Center. (2018, May 31). Teens, social media & technology 2018. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/05/31/teens-social-media-technology-2018/
- Ramsey Buchanan, L., Rooks-Peck, C. R., Finnie, R. K. C., Wethington, H. R., Fulton, J. E., Johnson, D. B., … Glanz, K. (2016). Community preventive services task force. Reducing recreational sedentary screen time: A community guide systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 50(3), 402–415.
- Reininger, B. M., Mitchell-Bennett, L., Lee, M., Gowen, R. Z., Barroso, C. S., Gay, J. L., & Saldana, M. V. (2015). Tu Salud, ¡Si Cuenta!: Exposure to a community-wide campaign and its association with physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption among individuals of Mexican descent. Social Science & Medicine, 143, 98–106.
- Rideout, V. (2017). The common sense census: Media use by kids age zero to eight. San Francisco, CA: Common Sense Media. Retrieved from https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/uploads/research/csm_zerotoeight_fullreport_release_2.pdf
- Robinson, T. N., Banda, J. A., Hale, L., Lu, A. S., Fleming-Milici, F., Calvert, S. L., & Wartella, E. (2017). Screen media exposure and obesity in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 140(Suppl 2), S97–S101.
- Ryu, S., Kim, H., Kang, M., Pedisic, Z., & Loprinzi, P. D. (2019). Secular trends in sedentary behavior among high school students in the United States, 2003 to 2015. American Journal of Health Promotion, 33(8), 1174–1181.
- Sanders, W., Parent, J., Forehand, R., Sullivan, A. D. W., & Jones, D. J. (2016). Parental perceptions of technology and technology-focused parenting: Association with youth screen time. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 44, 28–38.
- Shenton, A. K. (2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. American Journal Education for Information, 22, 63–75.
- Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (2007). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Taveras, E. M., Hohman, K. H., Price, S., Gortmaker, S. L., & Sonneville, K. (2009). Televisions in the bedrooms of racial/ethnic minority children: How did they get there and how do we get them out? Clinical Pediatrics, 48(7), 715–719.
- Taverno Ross, S. E., Macia, L., Documét, P. I., Escribano, C., Kazemi Naderi, T., & Smith-Tapia, I. (2018). Latino parents’ perceptions of physical activity and healthy eating: At the intersection of culture, family, and health. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 50(10), 968–976.
- Thompson, D. A., Johnson, S. L., Schmiege, S. J., Vandewater, E. A., Boles, R. E., Lev, J., & Tschann, J. M. (2018). Beliefs about child TV viewing in low-income Mexican American parents of preschoolers: Development of the beliefs about child TV viewing scale (B-TV). Maternal and Child Health Journal, 22(6), 849–857.
- Tooth, L., Moss, K., Hockey, R., & Mishra, G. D. (2019). Adherence to screen time recommendations for Australian children aged 0–12 years. Medical Journal of Australia, 211(4), 181–182.
- Tremblay, M. S., Leblanc, A. G., Kho, M. E., Saunders, T. J., Larouche, R., Colley, R. C., … Gorber, S. (2011). Systematic review of sedentary behavior and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8, 98.
- U.S. Census Bureau. QuickFacts. Cameron Park CDP, TX: United States. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/cameronparkcdptexas,US/PST045218