http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3006-3104
ABSTRACT
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that arises because of complex environmental, immunological, and genetic interactions. Adipokines are bioactive mediators secreted from adipocytes of white adipose tissue and are known to have a role in body metabolism and regulation of immune responses. Leptin is a proinflammatory adipokine that functions mainly to regulate food intake and energy expenditure. Few studies have implicated adipokines in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. In this study, we investigated the association of three leptin gene polymorphisms: −2548G>A (rs7799039), −188 C/A (rs791620), and A19G (rs2167270), with the incidence of atopic dermatitis. One hundred and sixty-four patients and one hundred and sixty-seven age- and gender-matched controls were genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism procedure. A significant association was found between rs2167270 and the incidence of atopic dermatitis (P < 0.05). The GG allele was more prevalent in the patients' group with genotype frequency of 38.7%, compared to 26.1% for the control group. No significant differences were found in the genotype distribution or allelic frequency of the other two examined polymorphisms, rs7799039 and rs791620, between atopic dermatitis patients and controls (P > 0.05). The results suggest that rs2167270 might play a role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis.
Introduction
Atopic Dermatitis (AD), also called eczema, is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that caused by complex environmental, immunological, and genetic interactions.Citation1 It is characterized by dry skin, xerosis, itching, and relapsing dermatitis.Citation2 Children are more susceptible to developing the disease with a worldwide incidence rate of 25% compared to 1–3% for adults.Citation3
Adipokines are bioactive mediators secreted from adipocytes of white adipose tissue. They are considered signaling molecules that communicate with multiple organs such as muscle, brain, heart, and immune cells, in addition to adipose cells themselves,Citation4,Citation5 These adipokines include hormones (leptin and adiponectin), cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, and visfatin), and other proteins (apelin and resistin). They play major roles in numerous physiological and pathological processes, including body metabolism and immune response regulation.Citation6 The dysregulation of adipokines secretion or production is considered a cause of multiple diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases,Citation4,Citation7 and other inflammatory disorders including asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema.Citation8
Leptin is an adipokine that functions mainly to maintain food intake and energy expenditure balance through hypothalamic regulation.Citation9 Leptin is considered a proinflammatory cytokine and a member of the cytokine class I superfamily, due to structural similarity of leptin and its receptor with the class I cytokines superfamily, and their receptors.Citation10 Leptin has a role in modulating the immune system; both innate and acquired immunity.Citation11 Higher leptin levels have been observed during states of infection and inflammation, which may reflect its role in host defense and inflammation.Citation12 In addition, A study showed that increased leptin concentrations were correlated with increased concentrations of inflammatory markers.Citation13 Deficiencies in leptin adversely affect regulation of cytokines production, increase host susceptibility to infectious and inflammatory stimuli, and lead to a hematopoiesis defect.Citation10 Leptin also maintains T-cell balance, stimulates T-cell activation, and triggers T-cell differentiation towards T-hepler1 (Th1) over T-helper2 (Th2).Citation14
Allelic variabilities of the leptin gene located in ch7q31 are known to affect leptin transcription, expression, and secretion. Many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been recognized to affect the expression of leptin. For example, a common promoter polymorphic site rs7799039 SNP has been associated with transcriptional activity, a study found that AA homozygous carriers had higher levels of serum leptin than GA/GG carriers, and mRNA levels in AA carriers were 60% higher than in GA/GG carriers.Citation15 Rs2167270 is another SNP located in the 5′ untranslated region. A study of an obese population concluded that homozygous carriers of the G allele had lower leptin levels compared to carrier heterozygous or homozygous for the A-allele.Citation16
According to previous studies that linked AD to leptin serum levels and studies that linked leptin serum level with allelic variability of the leptin gene, we hypothesize an association between AD and leptin gene polymorphisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of three single nucleotide polymorphisms of the leptin gene (rs791620, rs7799039, and rs2167270) with the incidence of AD.
Methodology
Subjects
One hundred and sixty-four blood samples of AD patients and one hundred and sixty-seven age and gender-matched controls have been recruited for this study. Subjects with any skin disease or inflammatory disease rather than AD as well as obese subjects were excluded. The age range was from less than one year to 60 years. Informed consents were obtained from all participants/guardians according to the requirements of the Institutional Review Board of Jordan University of Science and Technology. Samples were collected from King Abdulla University Hospital, Health center at Jordan University of Science and Technology, and Ministry of Health Hospitals in North of Jordan, in the period between September 2013 until August 2015.
Sample collection and handling
Five milliliters of intravenous blood samples were collected in EDTA tubes and stored at −20 C for molecular analysis purposes.
Genetic analysis
DNA extraction
DNA was extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes using a Wizard® Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Cat# A1125, Madison, USA). The extraction process was done according to manufacturer's instructions.
Molecular analysis
Three SNPs have been analyzed; LEP −2548G>A (rs7799039), −188 C/A (rs791620) and A19G (rs2167270) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by restriction enzyme length polymorphism (RFLP) technique.
PCR was used for target sequence amplification. The PCR mixture was composed of 12.5 µL of a commercial master mix (Promega, Madison, USA), 6.5 µL of Nuclease free water, 1 µL each of forward and reverse primers (5 µM), and 4 µL of genomic DNA. PCR conditions for the three SNPs are described .
Table 1. Primers sequences, PCR conditions and restriction enzymes used for genotyping of SNPs.
The PCR products were detected by loading 5 µL of the PCR products into 2% agarose gel and running at 140 volts for 60 min
Restriction enzymes were used to detect fragments' variations by the RFLP technique in which 0.5 µL of restriction enzymes purchased from New England Biolabs (UK), 2 µL of Cut Smart buffer, as well as 2 µL of nuclease free water were incubated with 10 µL of PCR product for 4 hours at 37 C, the optimum temperature for the restriction enzymes was used. Finally, the restricted products were loaded into 2.5% agarose gels, electrophoresed at 140 volts for 80 minutes, and then visualized under UV light.
Statistical analysis
The statistical package for social studies (SPSS) version 17.0 (Chicago, IL) was used for data analysis. Using Chi-square test the genotype and allele frequencies were evaluated as appropriate. Differences were considered significant when P < 0.05.
Results
Subjects
General characteristics of participants are described in . No significant differences were found in the demographics between controls and patients
Table 2. General characteristics of participants.
Effect of leptin gene polymorphism on atopic dermatitis
Effect of rs791620 on atopic dermatitis
All participants were genotyped for rs791620. shows the distribution of LEP gene SNP rs791620 among the patient and the control groups.
Table 3. Genotypes and alleles frequency of rs791620 in AD subjects and controls.
The CC genotype was present in 93.8% of the patients and 95.1% of the controls, whereas the heterozygous genotype was detected in 6.3% of the patients and in 4.3% of the controls. The AA genotype was detected in one control sample only. Based on the chi-square test, no significant association was found between rs791620 and AD.
Effect of rs7799039 on atopic dermatitis
All the participants were genotyped for rs7799039. The wild type AA genotype was detected in 23.5% of controls versus 29.3% of patients, while the homozygous GG was detected in 18.5% of controls and 22.8% of patients. The AG genotype was the most prevalent genotype. The Chi-square analysis does not show a significant association between rs7799039 and AD.
shows the distribution of LEP gene SNP rs7799039 among the patients and control group.
Table 4. Genotypes and alleles frequency of rs7799039 in AD subjects and controls.
Effect of rs2167270 on atopic dermatitis
All participants were genotyped for rs2167270. The GG genotype was more prevalent among patients. In contrast, the AG genotype was more prevalent among the control group. A significant association was observed between rs2167270 and AD.
shows the distribution of LEP gene SNP rs2167270 among the patients and control group.
Table 5. Genotypes and alleles frequency of rs2167270 in AD subjects and controls.
Discussion
Genetic variations of the leptin gene are known to affect leptin expression on both mRNA and protein levels.Citation15 and certain genotypes are known to increase susceptibility to certain diseases. In this study, the possible associations of three polymorphisms in the LEP gene (rs791620, rs7799039, and rs2167270) with AD were examined.
Results showed that rs791620 did not demonstrate any significant differences in distribution between the patient and the control groups. In addition, rs7799039 had no significant association with AD, which is consistent with a study done in 2012 that failed to find an association between rs7799039 and leptin gene expression in both the mRNA and protein serum levels.Citation17 This SNP was also negatively associated with other inflammatory disease such as psoriasis.Citation18 and Behcet's disease.Citation19 However, multiple studies demonstrated a significant association between rs7799039 and leptin levels among different populations. A study done in 2000 proved that the G allele was associated with being overweight and with low leptin levels in men when compared to other alleles.Citation20 whereas a study among Brazilian women demonstrated that the G allele was associated with high leptin levels and higher risk of obesity.Citation21 Another study showed that AA allele carriers had significantly lower leptin levels compared to other genotypes.Citation22
The rs2167270 genotyping findings indicated significant association. The GG genotype was more prevalent among patients, while the AG genotype was more prevalent among the controls. These results are supported by a study conducted among a South Indian population that pointed to a significant association with leptin gene expression, in which high leptin levels were observed with A alleles of the rs2167270 SNPs.Citation23 In addition, multiple studies showed that homozygous carriers of the G allele had lower leptin levels compared to heterozygous or homozygous carriers for the A-allele,Citation16,Citation22,Citation24 However, a study on a multi-ethnic Malaysian suburban population failed to find evidence supporting the effects of rs2167270 on leptin serum levels.Citation25 Another study showed no significant associations with the occurrence of rheumatoid arthritis and development of cardiovascular events.Citation26 These discrepancies may be due to inherent ethnic group differences as well as the differences in environmental conditions that might affect the gene expression profiles. Rs791620 and rs7799039 are located in the promoter region, while the rs2167270 SNP is located in the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of exon 1 of the LEP gene.Citation16 and this, it might influence the level of leptin expression.Citation27
In conclusion, the results of this study suggest the presence of a significant association between rs2167270 and AD, The GG allele was more frequently associated with patients, compared to the AA and AG alleles. In contrast, SNPs rs791620 and rs7799039 had no significant associations with AD.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment
This study was supported by the deanship of research at Jordan University of Science and Technology grant no. (20140278).
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