Memory alterations after COVID-19 infection: a systematic review

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 infection has a wide range of both acute and long-term symptoms. Memory alterations have been frequently reported in studies that explore cognition. The main objective of the systematic review is to update and further analyze the existing evidence of objective memory impairments in long-COVID-19 considering sample and study design characteristics, as well as to explore associations between memory performance and their epidemiological, clinical, and pathological features. A total of 13 studies were identified by searching in PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycInfo databases up to May 6, 2022. Most studies evaluated verbal component of memory in the short-term and long-term recall up to 30 min and mainly performed a single assessment completed at 4–6 months after the infection. The samples mainly consisted of middle-aged adults that required hospitalization. Samples were not stratified by sex, age, and severity. Poor verbal learning was reported in most cases (6–58%), followed by deficits in long-term (4–58%) and short-term (4–37%) verbal memory. Visuospatial component of memory was studied less than verbal component, showing impairment of long-term retention of visual items (10–49%). COVID-19 severity in the acute stage was not systematically associated with poor memory performance. Verbal memory deficits were associated with anxiety and depression. The existing literature on objective memory assessment in long-COVID suggests further research is warranted to confirm memory dysfunction in association with epidemiological, pathological, and clinical factors, using both verbal and visuospatial tests, and exploring in deep long-term memory deficits.

Keywords:

• Long-COVID
• post-acute COVID
• memory
• neuropsychology
• cognition

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Departamento de Psicología y Sociología of Universidad de Zaragoza; Gobierno de Aragón (Departamento de Ciencia, Universidad y Sociedad del Conocimiento) and FEDER 2014–2020 “Construyendo Europa desde Aragón” for the Group S31_20D, and Conselleria d’Innovació, Universitats, Ciència i Societat Digital de la Generalitat Valenciana [GVA-COVID19/2021/025].