Abstract
The long-legged fly Diostracus lamellatus Wei et Liu belongs to the subfamily Hydrophorinae of Dolichopodidae. The mitogenome of D. lamellatus was sequenced, the first representative of the mitogenome of the subfamily. The mitogenome is 14,143 bp totally, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNAs, and 22 transfer RNAs. All genes have the similar locations and strands with that of other published species of Dolichopodidae. The nucleotide composition biases towards A and T, which together made up 75.8% of the entirety. Bayesian inference analysis strongly supported the monophyly of Dolichopodidae. It suggested that the Hydrophorinae is the sister group to the clade of Sciapodinae + Dolichopodinae.
Hydrophorinae is a large subfamily of the family Dolichopodidae, the genus Diostracus is the third largest genus of the subfamily Hydrophorinae with 100 species known in the world (Yang et al. Citation2006, Citation2011; Grichanov Citation2017). Primarily distributed in the Holarctic and Oriental regions, species of Diostracus are usually found in the habitats near freshwater on the stones and plants in or near the streams. Their diversity is used as an index of evaluating the quality of aquatic environment.
The male adult specimens of D. lamellatus used for this study were collected from Mount Taibai (33°51′141″N, 107°50′328″E, 1781 m) of Shaanxi Province in China in 2015. The specimens of D. lamellatus were deposited in the Entomological Museum of China Agricultural University (CAU). The total genomic DNA was extracted from the whole body (except head) of the specimen using the QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and stored at –20 °C until needed. The mitogenome was amplified and sequenced as described in our previous studies (Wang, Li, et al. Citation2016). The nearly complete mitogenome of D. lamellatus is 14,143 bp. It encoded 13 PCGs, 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes and the control region could not be sequenced entirely in this study, and were similar with related reports before (Kang et al. Citation2014; Li et al. Citation2016; Wang, Ding, et al. Citation2016; Wang, Liu, et al. Citation2016; Wang, Wang, et al. Citation2016; Li et al. Citation2017; Zhou et al. Citation2017). The nucleotide composition of the mitogenome was biased towards A and T, with 75.8% of A + T content (A = 38.5%, T = 37.3%, C = 14.4%, and G = 9.9%). The A + T content of PCGs, tRNAs, and rRNAs is 74.8%, 77.5%, and 80.9%, respectively. The total length of all 13 PCGs of D. lamellatus is 11,218 bp. All PCGs in D. lamellatus utilize the conventional translational start codons for invertebrate mtDNA. For example, five PCGs (ATP8, ND1, ND2, ND3, and ND6) initiated ATT codons, and six PCGs (COII, COIII, ATP6, ND4, ND4L, and CYTB) initiated with ATG codons, COI and ND3 initiated with ATC as a start codon. Eleven PCGs used the typical termination codons TAA and two PCGs (CYTB, ND3) used TAG in D. lamellatus.
Phylogenetic analysis was performed based on the nucleotide sequences of 13 PCGs from 11 Diptera species. Bayesian (BI) analysis () showed that monophyletic Empidoidea was assigned to be the sister group to the clade of Xylomyidae, Xylophagidae, and Asilidae. Empididae and Dolichopodidae, monophyletic Empididae was assigned to the sister to monophyletic Dolichopodidae. For the phylogeny of Dolichopodidae, Neurigoninae was assigned to be the sister of the clade of Hydrophorinae, Sciapodinae, and Dolichopodinae. The phylogenetic relationship within Empidoidea is very clear: Empididae + (Neurophorinae + (Hydrophorinae + (Sciapodinae + Dolichopodinae))). The position of Hydrophorinae was also supported by the morphological study (Yang et al. Citation2006, Citation2011). The mitogenome of D. lamellatus could provide the important information for the further studies of Dolichopodidae phylogeny.
Figure 1. Bayesian phylogenetic tree of 11 Diptera species. The posterior probabilities are labelled at each node.
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The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.
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References
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