Abstract
The dance fly, Ocydromia sp. belongs to the subfamily Ocydromiinae of Empididae. The mitogenome (GenBank accession number: MK514083) of Ocydromia sp. was sequenced, the first representative of the mitogenome of the subfamily. The nearly complete mitogenome is 16,078 bp totally, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNAs, and 22 transfer RNAs. All genes have similar locations and strands with that of other published species of Empididae. The nucleotide composition biases toward A and T, which together made up 79.1％ of the entirety. Bayesian inference analysis strongly supported the monophyly of Empidoidea, Empididae, and Dolichopodidae. This result also suggested that Empidinae is the sister group to the clade of Ocydromiinae.
Introduction
Empididae is one of the largest families in Diptera with over 5000 described species from the world (Yang et al. Citation2007). They capture aphids, psyllids, and coccids of Hemiptera, but also other true flies such as mosquitos, black flies, and so on. They are widely used as a biological indicator of evaluating the quality of environment and biodiversity (Yang and Yang Citation2003).
The specimens of Ocydromia sp. used for this study were collected from Buerjin County of Xinjiang by Jinlong Ren & Bing Zhang and identified by Ding Yang. Specimens are deposited in the Entomological Museum of China Agricultural University (CAU). The total genomic DNA was extracted from the whole body (except the head) of the specimen using the QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit (Duesseldorf, Qiagen, Germany) and stored at -20 °C until needed. The mitogenome was amplified and sequenced as described in our previous study (Wang, Li et al. Citation2016). The nearly complete mitogenome of Ocydromia sp. is 16,078 bp (GenBank accession number: MK514083). It encoded 13 PCGs, 22 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes and the control region could not be sequenced entirely in this study and were similar with related reports before (Li et al. Citation2016; Wang, Ding et al. Citation2016; Wang, Wang, Li et al. Citation2016; Li et al. Citation2017; Zhou et al. Citation2017; Qilemoge Gao et al. Citation2018; Gao et al. Citation2018). All genes have similar locations and strands with that of other published Empididae species. The nucleotide composition of the mitogenome was biased toward A and T, with 79.1% of A + T content (A = 39.9%, T = 39.2%, C = 12.3%, G = 8.6%). The A + T content of PCGs, tRNAs, and rRNAs is 76.8, 79.0, and 82.6%, respectively. The total length of all 13 PCGs of Ocydromia sp. is 11,217 bp. Three PCGs (NAD2, NAD5, and NAD6) initiated with ATT codons and seven PCGs (COII, COIII, ATP6, NAD3, NAD4, NAD4L, and CYTB) initiated with ATG codons, NAD1 initiated with ATA as a start codon, CO1 and ATP8 initiated with TTG and ATC as a start codon, respectively. Thirteen PCGs used the typical termination codons TAA in Ocydromia sp.
Phylogenetic analysis was performed based on the nucleotide sequences of 13 PCGs from 13 Diptera species. Bayesian (BI) analysis generated the phylogenetic tree topologies based on the PCGs matrices (). According to the phylogenetic result, the monophyly of Empidoidea was strongly supported. The monophyletic Dolichopodidae that contains Sciapodinae, Dolichopodinae, Hydrophorinae, and Neurigoninae was assigned to the sister group to the clade of Empididae that consists of Empidinae, Clinocerinae, Ocydromiinae, and Trichopezinae in this study. For the phylogeny within Empididae, the Empidinae is sister to the clade of Ocydromiinae and Clinocerinae is sister to the clade of Trichopezinae. This result that Dolichopodidae and Empididae are monophyletic, respectively is consistent with the phylogenetic result of the previous research (Wang, Li et al. Citation2016). The mitogenome of Ocydromia sp. could provide important information for further studies of Empidoidea phylogeny.
Figure 1. Bayesian phylogenetic tree of 13 Diptera species. The posterior probabilities are labeled at each node. Genbank accession numbers of all sequence used in the phylogenetic tree have been included in Figure and corresponding to the names of all species.
Disclosure statement
The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.
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References
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