Abstract
The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of black stork Ciconia nigra from North China was sequenced by shotgun genome-skimming method. The mitogenome of C. nigra was 17,787 bp in length and consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs, two rRNAs, and one non-coding control region (D-loop). All protein-coding genes initiate with ATG codon except for ND2, ND3, and COX1, which uses ATA, ATC, and GTG as their initiation codons, respectively. The termination codon of protein-coding genes shows rich diversity with six termination codons (TAA, AGG, AGA, TAG, T, and A). The phylogenetic trees based on 13 protein-coding genes showed that Ciconia formed a monophyletic group, which was sister to the clade clustered by Threskiorothidae species.
Ciconia nigra (Aves: Ciconiiformes: Ciconiidae), also known as black stork, is one of the largest waders and widely distributed in the Palearctic region (Chevallier et al. Citation2011). This species always makes a long-distance migration between Europe and Africa or West Asia and India (Hancock et al. Citation2010), except that they partially resided in Spain and South Africa (Santiago et al. Citation2006). However, the populations of C. nigra are declining in parts of their range (Konovalov et al. Citation2015) and has been considered as Least Concern species in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species ver 3.1 (2017). So far, only two complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of C. nigra from South Korea and South China were reported (Liu et al. Citation2016; Lee et al. Citation2017). Here, the complete mitogenome of C. nigra from North China was sequenced and the relationship with other Ciconiiformes species was constructed.
The feather was collected from a healthy adult individual of Ciconia nigra in Taiyuan Zoo, Shanxi, China. This individual is originally from Wutai County and the feather and total DNA were deposited at School of Life Science, Shanxi University (Voucher No. Ren_Z1). The mitogenome sequence of C. nigra was obtained with the shotgun genome-skimming method on an Illumina HiSeq4000 platform (Zimmer and Wen Citation2015) and annotated referencing the complete mitogenomes of C. nigra, C. boyciana, and C. ciconia from GenBank.
The complete mitogenome of Ciconia nigra (Accession no. MK818509) is a double-stranded circular DNA with 17,787 bp in length. The A + T content (54.3%) is a little higher than G + C content (45.7%), which is basically consistent with those of other Ciconiidae species (Liu et al. Citation2016; Lee et al. Citation2017). The mitogenome of C. nigra comprised 13 protein-coding genes (ND1-6 and ND4L, COX1-3, ATP6 and ATP8, and Cytb), 22 tRNAs, two rRNAs (12S and 16S rRNA), and one noncoding region (D-loop). Nine of the 13 protein-coding genes have a typical ATG initiation codon except for ND2, ND3 and COX1 with ATA, ATC, and GTG as their initiation codons, respectively. Among these genes, ND4L, ND6, ATP6, and ATP8 terminated with the codon TAA and ND1 and COX1 with AGG as their stop codon. However, ND5 and Cytb used AGA and TAG as their termination codon, respectively. However, other four genes (ND2, ND4, COX2, and COX3) terminated with a single T and ND3 ended with a single A.
Based on the 13 protein-coding genes, we used the maximum-likelihood method to construct the phylogenetic trees of the Ciconiiformes species under the GTRGAMMA model and with 1000 bootstrap replicates using two Anseriformes species as outgroups (). The phylogenetic analysis well supported the monophyly of the three families of the order Ciconiiformes and the Genus Ciconia with high bootstrap values. Ciconia boyciana and C. ciconia were sister species and the three individuals of C. nigra closely grouped into a clade with very tiny variation. The genetic variation of C. nigra population might be further examined to choose more samples and data in the future.
Figure 1. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Ciconia nigra and other representative Ciconiiformes species based on 13 protein-coding genes. Numbers associated with branches are BS > 75, and “★” represents nodes with 100% BS.
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References
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