Management: From Disorder to Direction

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Notes

1 Peter Cai, ‘Understanding China’s Belt and Road Initiative’, Lowy Institute, 22 March 2017, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/understanding-belt-and-road-initiative.

2 Xi Jinping mentioned the BRI 1,653 times in public speeches and press releases between February 2014 and August 2019, according to CCP News; cited in Jon (Yuan) Jiang, ‘The Belt and Road Initiative: A Domestically-motivated Program Fueling Global Competition’, China Brief, vol. 20, no. 10, 29 May 2020, https://jamestown.org/program/the-belt-and-road-initiative-a-domestically-motivated-program-fueling-global-competition/.

3 Wang Ye, ‘韩正主持召开推进“一带一路”建设工作领导小组会议’ [Han Zheng chairs a group meeting promoting ‘One Belt One Road’ construction], State Council of the People’s Republic of China, 31 January 2019, http://www.gov.cn/guowuyuan/2019-01/31/content_5362888.htm.

4 Ibid.

5 Christopher K. Johnson, Scott Kennedy and Qiu Mingda, ‘Xi’s Signature Governance Innovation: The Rise of Leading Small Groups’, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 17 October 2017, https://www.csis.org/analysis/xis-signature-governance-innovation-rise-leading-small-groups.

6 Christopher K. Johnson, ‘President Xi Jinping’s “Belt and Road” Initiative: A Practical Assessment of the Chinese Communist Party’s Roadmap for China’s Global Resurgence’, Center for Strategic and International Studies, March 2016, https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/160328_Johnson_PresidentXiJinping_Web.pdf.

7 State Council of the People’s Republic of China, ‘Full Text: Action Plan on the Belt and Road Initiative’, 30 March 2015, http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/publications/2015/03/30/content_281475080249035.htm.

8 This ambiguity was unlike the central-government directives in the late 1990s for provinces’ mandatory participation in the Three Gorges resettlement programme, whereby provinces were allocated resettlement quotas and were ‘twinned’ with poor counties to provide development assistance.

9 Christine Wong, ‘Bold Strategy or Irrational Exuberance: Can China’s Fiscal Foundation Support the Belt and Road Initiative?’, in Thomas Fingar and Jean Oi (eds), Fateful Decisions: Choices That Will Shape China’s Future (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2020), pp. 272–86.

10 Hunan Provincial Government, ‘Hunan Province Strategic Plan for Connecting with the Belt and Road Initiative (2015–2017)’, 28 September 2015, http://www.hunan.gov.cn/hnszf/szf/hnzb/2015/2015nd18q/szfwj_99065//201509/t20150928_4701518.html.

11 Lei Zhou, The Political Economy of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company, 2018), https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/pdf/10.1142/9789813222663_0001.

12 Financial Times, ‘fDi Markets Database’, https://www.fdimarkets.com/.

13 Ryan Manuel, ‘Twists in the Belt and Road’, China Leadership Monitor, 1 September 2019, https://www.prcleader.org/manuel-belt-road.

14 ‘Reform Will Guide China to Overcome the Middle Income Trap’, Xinhua, syndicated by China News, 4 November 2013, http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2013/11-04/5462270.shtml.

15 ‘The Global Financial Crisis and China’s Rise’, Sina, 9 April 2009, http://finance.sina.com.cn/review/20090409/16526084051.shtml; and Zhu Feng, ‘China and the US Should Together Manage the “Thucydides Trap”’, Cankaoxiaoxi. com, 26 August 2016, https://web.archive.org/web/20210527180939/http://www.cankaoxiaoxi.com/china/20160826/1282490.shtml.

16 See Zhimin Chen and Xueying Zhang, ‘Chinese Conception of the World Order in a Turbulent Trump Era’, Pacific Review, vols 3–4, 26 February 2020, pp. 438–68, https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2020.1728574.

17 Wang Jisi, ‘王缉思：”西进”，中国地缘战略的 再平衡’ [Wang Jisi: ‘Westward’, the rebalancing of China’s geopolitical strategy], Global Times, 17 October 2012, https://opinion.huanqiu.com/article/9CaKrnJxoLS.

18 See, for example, Xiang Lanxin’s speech at the IISS Shangri-La Dialogue 15th Asia Security Summit, Singapore, 3–5 June 2016, quoted in Geoff Wade, ‘China’s “One Belt, One Road” Initiative’, Australian Parliament, Parliamentary Library Briefing Book – 45th Parliament, August 2016, https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook45p/ChinasRoad; and ‘中国 ‘天命论’ 是否会对威斯特伐利亚构成威胁?’ [Is China’s ‘Mandate of Heaven’ a threat to the Westphalian system?], Asia Times, 15 January 2019, http://atimescn.com/InternationalView-1722.html.

19 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, ‘Follow the Trend of the Times and Promote Peace and Development in the World’, 23 March 2013, https://web.archive.org/web/20170426043140/https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1033246.shtml; ‘Full Text of Chinese President’s Speech at Boao Forum for Asia’, Xinhuanet, 29 March 2015, http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-03/29/c_134106145.htm; and ‘Commentary: Let the Community with Shared Future Vision Shine Brighter’, Xinhuanet, 24 March 2020, https://web.archive.org/web/20211205123459/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-03/24/c_138912849.htm.

20 Alexandra Stevenson and Tariq Panja, ‘Inter Milan, a Storied Italian Soccer Club, Is Threatened by Shifting Prospects in China’, New York Times, 16 March 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/16/business/china-football-inter-milan-suning.html; and Murad Ahmed, Arash Massoudi and Don Weinland, ‘Southampton Football Club Quizzed on China Stake Sale’, Financial Times, 10 April 2019, https://www.ft.com/content/062b6338-5a1b-11e9-9dde-7aedca0a081a.

21 Will Doig, ‘The Belt and Road Initiative Is a Corruption Bonanza’, Foreign Policy, 15 January 2019, https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/01/15/the-belt-and-road-initiative-is-a-corruption-bonanza/; ‘Exploring the Environmental Repercussions of China’s Belt and Road Initiative’, Environmental Energy and Studies Institute (EESI), 30 October 2018, https://www.eesi.org/articles/view/exploring-the-environmental-repercussions-of-chinas-belt-and-road-initiativ; and Preetam Kaushik, ‘Why China’s Belt & Road Initiative Faces Overwhelming Odds in Its Fight Against Corruption’, AMLRS Arachnys, 6 May 2021, https://www.arachnys.com/why-chinas-belt-road-initiative-faces-overwhelming-odds-in-its-fight-against-corruption/.

22 China General Nuclear Power’s joint investment with EDF in the Hinkley Point nuclear-power project in the United Kingdom has been claimed as a BRI investment.

23 ‘周小川：如果不用偿还中国债务，就能更好地应对疫情？’ [Zhou Xiaochuan: Can countries better cope with the pandemic if not burdened with debt owed to China?], Guancha, 20 April 2021, https://www.guancha.cn/ZhouXiaoChuan/2021_04_20_588128.shtml.

24 David Lampton, Selina Ho and Cheng-Chwee Kuik, Rivers of Iron: Railroads and Chinese Power in Southeast Asia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2020), p. 70.

25 Ibid., pp. 71–3.

26 World Bank, ‘GDP Growth (Annual %) – China’, 2020, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=CN.

27 Daniel H. Rosen, ‘China’s Economic Reckoning: The Price of Failed Reforms’, Foreign Affairs, July/ August 2021, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2021-06-22/chinas-economic-reckoning.

28 Zhao Lei, ‘地方政府是推进一带一路的关键力量 ’ [Local governments are the key force in promoting One Belt One Road], People’s Daily, 10 March 2015, http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2015/0310/c70731-26664642.html.

29 Fagai Wei, ‘发改委：组建一带一路建设促进中心 推进标志性项目建设’ [Development and Reform Commission: Formation of a Belt and Road promotion center to advance the construction of landmark projects], sohu. com, 18 August 2017, https://www.sohu.com/a/165540110_115433.

30 Li Xinyi and Shang Kaiyuan, ‘西门子与发 改委签署谅解备忘录推进一带一路建设’ [Siemens and National Development and Reform Commission signs a memorandum of understanding to promote the Belt and Road construction], Xinde Marine News, 25 March 2019, https://www.xindemarinenews.com/china/11134.html.

31 ‘China, Fiji Ink MOU on Belt and Road Initiative Cooperation’, Xinhuanet, 12 November 2018, https://web.archive.org/web/20210227163547/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-11/12/c_137601722.htm; The Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in New Zealand (Cook Islands, Niue), ‘China and Niue Sign Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation Within the Framework of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road Initiative’, 27 July 2018, http://www.chinaembassy.org.nz/eng/zgynagx/t1582729.htm; and ‘China, Ethiopia Ink Accord on Establishing Security Safeguarding Mechanism for Major Projects Under BRI’, China Internet Information Center, 7 March 2021, http://www.china.org.cn/world/2021-03/07/content_77280556.htm.

32 Chen Lijun, ‘一带一路”与中巴经济走廊建 设’ [‘One Belt One Road’ and China–Pakistan Economic Corridor construction], People’s Daily, 13 January 2017, http://world.people.com.cn/n1/2017/0113/c1002-29022097.html.

33 ‘中巴经济走廊联合工作组将增至十个’ [Number of China–Pakistan Economic Joint Working Group to increase to ten], China Economic Net, 18 March 2020, http://intl.ce.cn/specials/zxgjzh/202003/18/t20200318_34521072.shtml.

34 Zhao Huanxin, ‘Digital Silk Road Linked to “Net Plus”’, China Daily, 8 September 2015, https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2015chinaarabforum/2015-09/08/content_21823512.htm; Wang Yimin, ‘数字丝 路·合作共赢”论坛：“信息基础设施共建”议程’ [Digital Silk Road – Win–win cooperation forum: ‘Informational Infrastructure Building’ agenda], 16 December 2015, World Internet Conference Wuzhen Summit, http://2015.wicwuzhen.cn/system/2015/12/11/020947286.shtml.

35 State Council of the People’s Republic of China, ‘Full Text of [the] Resolution on [the] Amendment to [the] CPC Constitution’, 24 October 2017, http://english.www.gov.cn/news/top_news/2017/10/24/content_281475919837140.htm.

36 The official BRI website provides profiles of 143 countries: ‘Profiles’, Belt and Road Portal, https://eng.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/info/iList.jsp?cat_id=10076&tm_id=80&cur_page=1. See also Christoph Nedopil, ‘Countries of the Belt and Road Initiative’, Green Finance & Development Center, 2022, https://greenfdc.org/countries-of-the-belt-and-road-initiative-bri/.

37 Jamie P. Horsley, ‘Working Paper: Challenging China to Make Good Project Governance a Centerpiece of the Belt and Road Initiative’, December 2018, https://law.yale.edu/china-center/resources/china-regulatory-development.

38 Ministry of Commerce et al., ‘对外投资备案（该准）报告暂行办法’ [Interim measures for the reporting of outbound investments subject to record-filing or approval], 18 January 2018, http://images.mofcom.gov.cn/hzs/201801/20180125100235813.pdf; and ‘商务部办公厅关于做好对外承包工程项目 备案管理的通知’ [Notice of the General Office of the Ministry of Commerce on effectively conducting recordation of foreign contracted projects], 13 November 2017, https://www.pkulaw.com/en_law/cd5303bf3da58f4cbdfb.html.

39 Ministry of Commerce et al., ‘对外投资备案（ 该准）报告暂行办法’ [Interim measures for the reporting of outbound investments subject to record-filing or approval].

40 National Reform and Development Commission, ‘企业境外投资管理办法’ [Measures for the administration of overseas investment by enterprises, National Reform and Development Commission], 26 December 2017, https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/fzggwl/201712/W020190905495109740626.pdf.

41 Brahma Chellaney, ‘China’s Debt-trap Diplomacy’, Project Syndicate, 23 January 2017, https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/china-one-belt-one-road-loans-debt-by-brahma-chellaney-2017-01; and David Gordon, Haoyu Tong and Tabatha Anderson, ‘Beyond the Myths – Towards a Realistic Assessment of China’s Belt and Road Initiative: The Development-finance Dimension’, IISS Research Report, IISS, March 2020, https://www.iiss.org/blogs/research-paper/2020/03/beyond-the-myths-of-the-bri.

42 Jordan Calinoff and David Gordon, ‘Port Investments in the Belt and Road Initiative: Is Beijing Grabbing Strategic Assets?’, Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, vol. 62, no. 4, August–September 2020, pp. 59–80, https://www.iiss.org/publications/survival/2020/survival-global-politics-and-strategy-augustseptember-2020/624-07-calinoff-and-gordon.

43 Tania Ghossein, Bernard Hoekman and Anirudh Shingal, ‘Public Procurement in the Belt and Road Initiative’, MTI Discussion Paper no. 10, 2018, World Bank, http://hdl.handle.net/10986/31069.

44 European Union Chamber of Commerce in China, ‘The Road Less Travelled: European Involvement in China’s Belt and Road Initiative’, 2020, https://www.europeanchamber.com.cn/en/publications-archive/762/The_Road_Less_Travelled_European_Involvement_in_China_s_Belt_and_Road_Initiative.

45 Ibid.

46 Yang Jiechi, ‘Belt and Road Cooperation: For a Better World’, 10 April 2019, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, http://www.beltandroadforum.org/NMediaFile/2019/0424/YIDAI201904240815000232827728534.pdf.

47 The BRF Advisory Council’s members are Alicia Bárcena (executive secretary of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and Caribbean); Sir Douglas Jardine Flint (former group chairman of HSBC and UK envoy to the BRF); Igor Ivanov (former foreign minister of Russia); Kishore Mahbubani (Singapore); Erastus Mwencha (African Union); Mari Pangestu (former minister of trade, Indonesia); Romano Prodi (former president of the European Commission, former prime minister of Italy); Jean-Pierre Raffarin (former prime minister of France); Essam Sharaf (former prime minister of Egypt); and Zhang Jun (Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations).

48 Jiechi, ‘Belt and Road Cooperation: For a Better World’.

49 Christine Lagarde, ‘BRI 2.0: Stronger Frameworks in the New Phase of Belt and Road’, International Monetary Fund, 26 April 2019, https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2019/04/25/sp042619-stronger-frameworks-in-the-new-phase-of-belt-and-road.

50 Teshu Singh, ‘The Second Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation: An Assessment’, Vivekanada International Foundation, 13 May 2019, https://www.vifindia.org/2019/may/13/the-second-belt-and-road-forum-for-international-cooperation-an-assessment.

51 Liu Jianxi, ‘BRF: What Differs from Xi’s Speech Last Time and What It Signals’, CGTN, 26 April 2019, https://news.cgtn.com/news/3d3d514f30676a4d34457a6333566d54/index.html.

52 ‘习近平在第二届’一带一路’国际合作高峰论 坛开幕式上的主旨演讲’ [Xi Jinping’s Keynote Speech at the Second Belt and Road Forum], Belt and Road Forum, 26 April 2019, http://www.beltandroadforum.org/n100/2019/0426/c26-1261.html.

53 Andrew Polk, ‘Lost in the Shuffle: China’s New, Overlooked Financial Regulatory Commission’, China Brief, vol. 18, no. 5, 26 March 2018, https://jamestown.org/program/lost-in-the-shuffle-chinas-new-overlooked-financial-regulatory-commission/.

54 State Council, ‘China Established Financial Stability and Developmental Committee’, 9 November 2017, http://english.www.gov.cn/news/top_news/2017/11/08/content_281475936107760.htm; ‘习近平： 深化金融改革 促进经济和金融良性循 环健康发展’ [Xi Jinping orders deepening financial reforms to promote [the] healthy development of the economy and [a] financial virtuous cycle], Xinhuanet, 15 July 2017, http://www.xinhuanet.com//politics/2017-07/15/c_1121324747.htm; and Frank Tang, ‘China Must Control Financial Risk as Its Markets Open Wider, Regulatory Body Says’, South China Morning Post, 1 November 2020, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3107977/china-must-control-financial-risk-its-markets-open-wider-regulatory-body.

55 ‘中共中央 国务院关于完善国有金融资本管理的指导意见’ [Guidance on improving the management of state-owned financial capital by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China], Xinhuanet, 8 July 2018, http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2018-07/08/c_1123095520.htm.

56 Liu Xiao, ‘China Plans to Strengthen Control over State Financial Institutions’, Caixin Global, 10 July 2018, https://www.caixinglobal.com/2018-07-10/china-plans-to-strengthen-control-over-state-financial-institutions-101297607.html.

57 ‘【金融街发布】财政部公布中国进出口银行、国家开发银行等26家中央金融企业名录’ [(Financial Street announcement) The Ministry of Finance announced a directory of 26 central financial enterprises with members including the Export–Import Bank of China and the China Development Bank], Sina, 20 February 2021, https://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/2021-02-20/doc-ikftssap7566894.shtml.

58 Lili Pike, ‘“Green Belt and Road” in the Spotlight’, China Dialogue 中外对话, 24 April 2019, https://chinadialogue.net/en/energy/11212-green-belt-and-road-in-the-spotlight/.

59 Ibid.

60 Cheng Cheng, ‘The Logic Behind China’s Foreign Aid Agency’, Carnegie–Tsinghua Center for Global Policy, May 2019, https://carnegieendowment.org/files/09-26-18_Cheng_China_Development.pdf.

61 Lee Jones and Shahar Hameiri, ‘Debunking the Myth of “Debt-trap Diplomacy”: How Recipient Countries Shape China’s Belt and Road Initiative’, 19 August 2020, p. 12, https://www.chathamhouse.org/2020/08/debunking-myth-debt-trap-diplomacy.

62 Xi’s anti-corruption campaign is one of his signature domestic initiatives, launched on his accession to the role of Chinese Communist Party General Secretary in 2012. The campaign focuses on internal discipline of party members in the government, of the People’s Liberation Army and of state-owned enterprises, and is believed to have played a role in Xi’s consolidation of power.

63 Matthew S. Erie, ‘The China International Commercial Court: Prospects for Dispute Resolution for the “Belt and Road Initiative”’, ASIL Insights, vol. 22, no. 11, 31 August 2018, https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/22/issue/11/china-international-commercial-court-prospects-dispute-resolution-belt.

64 Aisha Nadar, ‘Construction Arbitration in the Context of China’s Belt and Road Projects’, The Guide to Construction Arbitration, 3rd ed. (London: Law Business Research Ltd, 2019), https://globalarbitrationreview.com/guide/the-guide-construction-arbitration/third-edition/article/construction-arbitration-in-the-context-of-chinas-belt-and-road-projects.

65 Vivienne Bath, ‘Dispute Resolution along the Belt and Road’, East Asia Forum, 7 June 2019, https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2019/06/07/dispute-resolution-along-the-belt-and-road/.

66 Business Reporting Desk, ‘Arbitration Institutions to Form Mechanism under [the] Belt & Road Initiative’, Belt & Road News, 8 November 2019, https://web.archive.org/web/20191113044907/https://www.beltandroad.news/2019/11/08/arbitration-institutions-to-form-mechanism-under-belt-road-initiative/; Zhang Wei, ‘“一带一路” 仲裁机构联合宣言发布’ [Joint Declaration of “Belt and Road” Arbitration Institutions Released], Legal Daily, 12 November 2019, https://web.archive.org/web/20191208064137/http://www.legaldaily.com.cn/index/content/2019-11/12/content_8044083.htm.

67 Julie Bédard et al., ‘In Chinese Investment Treaties, Questions Arise on Who Qualifies for Protection’, Skadden, 30 January 2017, https://www.skadden.com/insights/publications/2017/01/in-chinese-investment-treaties-questions-arise-on.

68 The Government of the Republic of Serbia Represented by the Ministry of Finance and the Export–Import Bank of China, ‘Preferential Buyer Credit Loan Agreement on Project of Modernization and Reconstruction of Hungarian Serbian Railway Connection in the Territory of the Republic of Serbia, for Section Novi Sad–Subotica–State Border (Kelebija)’, 25 April 2019, http://www.parlament.gov.rs/upload/archive/files/cir/pdf/zakoni/2019/1635-19.pdf.

69 China International Commercial Court, ‘Opinion Concerning the Establishment of the Belt and Road International Commercial Dispute Resolution Mechanism and Institutions’, 27 June 2018, http://cicc.court.gov.cn/html/1/219/208/210/819.html.

70 Supreme People’s Court of the People’s Republic of China (Supreme People’s Court), ‘Several Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Providing Judicial Services and Safeguards for the Construction of the “Belt and Road” by People’s Courts’, first published 16 June 2015, updated 23 October 2021, https://english.court.gov.cn/2021-10/23/content_37548528.htm.

71 Supreme People’s Court, ‘中国人民法院为一带一路建设提供司法服务和保障的典型案 例’ [Model cases on providing judicial services and safeguards for the construction of the ‘Belt and Road’], 7 July 2015, https://www.court.gov.cn/zixun-xiangqing-14897.html; and Supreme People’s Court, ‘最高人民法院 关于发布第21批指导性案例的通知’ [Notice of the Supreme People’s Court on issuing the 21st batch of guiding cases], 25 February 2019. https://www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx?id=30045&lib=law.

72 Tingmei Liu, ‘The China International Commercial Court (CICC) in 2018’, China International Commercial Court, 22 July 2019, http://cicc.court.gov.cn/html/1/219/208/209/1316.html.

73 ‘最高人民法院工作报告’ [Supreme People’s Court work report], China Daily, 25 May 2020, https://cn.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202103/02/WS603d9945a3101e7ce9741a0a.html.

74 China International Commercial Court, ‘A Brief Introduction of China International Commercial Court’, 28 June 2018, https://cicc.court.gov.cn/html/1/219/193/195/index.html.

75 Supreme People’s Court of the People’s Republic of China, ‘Provisions on Several Issues Regarding the Establishment of the International Commercial Court’, 27 June 2018, http://cicc.court.gov.cn/html/1/219/199/201/1574.html.

76 China International Commercial Court, ‘Expert Committee’, 2022, http://cicc.court.gov.cn/html/1/219/235/237/index.html.

77 Meng Yu, ‘China Launches a One-stop Platform for Ascertainment of Foreign Law’, China Justice Observer, 25 December 2019, https://www.chinajusticeobserver.com/a/china-launches-a-one-stop-platform-for-ascertainment-of-foreign-law.

78 Supreme People’s Court, ‘Provisions on Several Issues Regarding the Establishment of the International Commercial Court’.

79 GCR Staff, ‘DP World Sues China Merchants Ports, Says It Turned Djibouti Against It’, Global Construction Review, 13 February 2019, https://www.globalconstructionreview.com/news/dp-world-sues-china-merchants-ports-holdings-turni/.

80 ‘Okiya Omtatah Okoiti & 2 Others v Attorney General & 4 Others [2020] eKLR’, 19 June 2020, http://kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/196972/; and Jevans Nyabiage, ‘Contract for Kenya’s China-funded Railway Ruled “Illegal”’, South China Morning Post, 23 June 2020, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3090225/contract-kenyas-china-funded-railway-ruled-illegal.

81 ‘Convention of 30 June 2005 on Choice of Court Agreements’, The Hague Conference on Private International Law, https://web.archive.org/web/20220120235004/https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=98.

82 Christopher Chan et al., ‘The Belt and Road Initiative: Dispute Resolution Along the Belt and Road’, Holman Fenwick Willan LLP, August 2018, https://www.hfw.com/The-Belt-and-Road-Initiative-Dispute-Resolution-along-The-Belt-And-Road.

83 Supreme People’s Court of the People’s Republic of China, ‘Provisions on Several Issues Regarding the Establishment of the International Commercial Court’.

84 ‘BRI: Dispute Resolution and Jurisdictional Issues’, Eurobiz Online, 3 January 2019, https://www.eurobiz.com.cn/bri-dispute-resolution-and-jurisdictional-issues/.

85 Ibid.

86 Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre, ‘HKIAC Announces Belt and Road Programme’, 26 April 2018, https://www.hkiac.org/news/hkiac-announces-belt-and-road-programme.

87 International Chamber of Commerce, ‘ICC Court Launches Belt and Road Initiative Commission’, 5 March 2018, https://iccwbo.org/media-wall/news-speeches/icc-court-launches-belt-road-initiative-commission/.

88 International Chamber of Commerce, ‘ICC’s Belt and Road Presence’, https://iccwbo.org/dispute-resolution-services/belt-road-dispute-resolution/icc-belt-and-road-presence/.

89 ChinaGoAbroad, ‘China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission (CIETAC)’, http://www.chinagoabroad.com/en/contributor/china-international-economic-and-trade-arbitration-commission-cietac.

90 Arie C. Eernisse, ‘Interviews with Our Editors: China Insights from Dr. Li Hu of CIETAC’, Kluwer Arbitration Blog, 12 April 2020, http://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2020/04/12/interviews-with-our-editors-china-insights-from-dr-li-hu-of-cietac/.

91 Chengjie Wang, ‘Providing Quality and Efficient Arbitration Service for the Belt and Road Construction [Brought to you by CIETAC]’, 12 December 2019, https://www.legalbusinessonline.com/news/providing-quality-and-efficient-arbitration-service-belt-and-road-construction-brought-you.

92 United Nations, ‘United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation (New York, 2018) (the “Singapore Convention on Mediation”)’, 20 December 2018, https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/mediation/conventions/international_settlement_agreements.

93 ‘Beijing Promotes Building Int’l Mediation Center’, Xinhuanet, 7 September 2020, http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-09/07/c_139348791.htm.

94 Wang, ‘Providing Quality and Efficient Arbitration Service for the Belt and Road Construction [Brought to you by CIETAC]’.

95 Stella Yifan Xie and Julie Steinberg, ‘Jack Ma’s Ant Financial Valued Around $150 Billion After Funding Round’, Wall Street Journal, 7 June 2018, https://www.wsj.com/articles/jack-mas-ant-financial-raises-14-billion-1528428455?mod=article_inline.

96 Xie Yu, ‘China’s Online-lending Curbs to Hit Big Tech Firms and Regional Banks’, Wall Street Journal, 22 February 2021, https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-online-lending-curbs-to-hit-big-tech-firms-and-regional-banks-11613992441?mod=article_inline; Lingling Wei, ‘Chinese Regulators Try to Get Jack Ma’s Ant Group to Share Consumer Data’, Wall Street Journal, 5 January 2021, https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-regulators-try-to-get-jack-mas-ant-group-to-share-consumer-data-11609878816?mod=searchresults_pos6&page=1&mod=article_inline; and Stephanie Yang and Jing Yang, ‘China Regulator Fines Tencent, Baidu, Others Over Investment Deals’, Wall Street Journal, 12 March 2021, https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-regulator-fines-tencent-baidu-others-over-investment-deals-11615553409.

97 ‘十四五“规划和2035年远景目标纲要 全文来了’ [Full text of the outline of the ‘14th Five-year Plan’ and the 2035 Vision], Sina, 13 March 2021, https://finance.sina.com.cn/china/gncj/2021-03-13/doc-ikkntiam0007627.shtml.

98 See, for example, the response by Bangladesh’s Foreign Minister A.K. Abdul Momen to comments by China’s Ambassador to Dhaka Li Jiming (Syful Islam, ‘Bangladesh Hits Back After China Envoy Warns Against Joining Quad’, Nikkei Asia, 11 May 2021, https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Bangladesh-hits-back-after-China-envoy-warns-against-joining-Quad); and Gerry Shih, ‘China Is Trying to Mend Fences in Europe. It’s Not Going Well’, Washington Post, 2 September 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/china-europe-relations-us/2020/09/02/63d963e0-ece1-11ea-bd08-1b10132b458f_story.html.

99 Interview with Professor Xiang Lanxin, ‘苍山 夜语’, 1 May 2020; Fu Ying, ‘傅莹人民日报撰 文：在讲好中国故事中提升话语权’ [Madame Fu Ying writes on People’s Daily: Enhancing discourse while telling the Chinese story], People’s Daily, 2 April 2020, https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_6797941; Michael Smith, ‘Top China Diplomat Urges End to “Confrontation”’, Australian Financial Review, 5 October 2020, https://www.afr.com/world/asia/top-china-diplomat-urges-end-to-confrontation-20200929-p5605c.

100 ‘习近平在中共中央政治局第三十次集体学习时强调 加强和改进国际传播工作 展 示真实立体全面的中国’ [During the 30th collective study session of the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee, Xi Jinping emphasized strengthening and improving international communication work to show a true, three-dimensional and comprehensive China], Xinhuanet, 1 June 2021, http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2021-06/01/c_1127517461.htm.

101 David Bandurski, ‘Powers of Persuasion’, China Media Project, 2 June 2021, https://chinamediaproject.org/2021/06/02/powers-of-persuasion/?_thumbnail_id=48141.