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Original

A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE ON CROSS-CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ADDICTION AND MULTICULTURALISM: THEIR MEANINGS AND IMPLICATIONS IN THE SUBSTANCE USE FIELD*

Pages 853-900 | Published online: 03 Jul 2009
 

Abstract

Despite evidence of the antiquity and ubiquity of psychoactive substance use, much of the literature is devoted to addiction in minority ethnocultural subgroups. When researchers study drug use in isolated “primitive” communities, they consider drug use to serve as a mechanism of social integration; when they study drug use in ethnocultural subgroups in contact with mainstream society, they consider drug use as a marker, or sometimes as a cause of social disorganization. The implicit assumption appears to be that addiction and race, ethnicity, or other minority ethnocultural subgroup membership are linked, and more prevalent and/or more problematic in minorities, further problematizing the status of minorities. Empirical studies identified through ETOH, the U.S. National Institute of Alcohol and Alcoholism (NIAAA)'s Internet-accessible computerized database, were subjected to content analysis of their abstracts (nabs = 44) as well as actual reports (nrep = 40). It was found that the content of neither abstracts nor actual reports supported the contention that there was a greater prevalence of drug use, drug-use-associated problems, or drug-use-enhancing attitudes in minority ethnocultural subgroups when compared to mainstream society (, d.f. = 3, n.s., and , d.f. = 2, n.s. respectively). Researchers need to be aware of possible implicit assumptions about the relation between ethnicity and addiction.

RESUMEN

Las substancias psicoactivas se usan desde la época de la prehistoria y este uso ocurre en casi todas las sociedades hoy días. Muchos estudios y politicas consideran los problemas de drogas en grupos etnoculturales que forman la minoridad. Estudios del uso de drogas en communidades dichas “primitives” que están en localidades insoladas del mundo consideran la manera como el uso de drogas permite la integración social, mientras estudios del uso de drogas en grupos etnoculturales que forman la minoridad y que tienen contactos con la sociedad mayoría consideran la manera come el uso de drogas es una marca, o aun una causa, de desoganizacion social del grupo que forma la minoridad. Resulte que el problema de drogas parece ser la característica de los que formar parte de razas, etnias o otros grupos que forman minoridades. Una análisis de estudios, resúmenes (nabs = 44) y documentos (nrep = 40), contenido en ETOH, dados en forma electrónica mantenida por el Instituto nacional del alcohol y alcoholismo (National Institute of Alcohol and Alcoholism [NIAAA]) de los Estados Unidos de América (USA) en Internet, permite de concluir que no hay mas problemas de drogas en grupos que forman la minoridad comparados a los grupos que forman la mayoría (, d.f. = 3, n.s.; , d.f. = 2, n.s.). Es necesario tener cuenta de los perjuicios posibles a proposito de los rayos entre problemas de drogas y raza o etnia que forman la minoridad.

RESUMÉ

Malgré qu'il est manifeste que l'usge de substances psychoactives date depuis la préhistoire et que cet usage est quasi-universel de nos jours, nulle société n'ayant encore été décrite qui n'utilise au moins une substance psychoactive, une importante partie de la littérature sur la narcomanie est dévouée au lien enttre la narcomanie et l'appartenance à un sous-groupe ethnoculturel minoritaire. Les recherches sur l'usage des drogues parmi les populations isolées et soi-dites primitives mettent en valeur le rôle des substances psychoactives en tant qu’élément servant à l'intégration sociale du groupe. Les recherches sur l'usage des drogues parmi les sous-groupes ethnoculturels minoritaires en contact avec la société majoritaire évidencent l'ussage des drogues en tant que “marque,” ou même cause, de la désorganisation sociale du sous-groupe minoritaire. Il en résulte que l'on peut croire que les problemes de drogues et statut minoritaire sont lies, ce qui ne fait qu'aggraver la problématique du statut minoritaire. Une analyse de texte des résumés (nabs = 44) ainsi que des rapports (articles, livres etc.) (nrep = 40) d’études empiriques identifiées grâce au système de base de données sur ordinateur ETOH, maintenu par l'Institut national de l'alcool et de l'alcoolisme (National Institute of Alcohol and Alcoholism [NIAAA]) des Etats-Unis sur Internet, a été effectuée. Cette analyse ne nous permet pas de dire qu'il y a un plus haut taux de prévalence d'usage de drogues, de problèmes reliés à la drogues, ou d'attitudes favorables à la drogue parmi les sous-groupes ethnoculturels minoritaires comparés à la majorité de la population (, d.f. = 3, n.s., et , d.f. = 2, n.s.). Les spécialistes en narcomanie doivent être conscient de l'effet de possibles préjugés implicites concernant le lien entre narcomanie et ethnie ou race, sur leurs travaux.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Manuella Adrian

Manuella Adrian is adjunct faculty in the College of Osteopathic Medicine at Nova Southeastern University. She was Director of Research and Senior Research Scientist directing Health Behaviors Research at the Kansas Health Institute, and cross-appointed Adjunct Professor in the Department of Preventive Medicine at the University of Kansas. She was previously a Senior Scientist and Head of the Statistical Research Program at the Addiction Research Foundation in Canada. She has over 180 professional publications in the addictions field, including studies in special populations such as Native Americans, ethnic minorities in pluralist societies, women, youth, and the elderly, as well as studies of treatment systems, and epidemiologic, cost, social indicator, statistics, and measurement studies. Her current interest concern the relation between behaviors, social factors, and health at a population-based level, as well as an abiding interest in cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness of large-scale and community-based interventions intended to improve the health of populations.

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