Severe hypoglycemia rates and associated costs among type 2 diabetics starting basal insulin therapy in the United States

Abstract

Objectives:

To derive current real-world data on the rates and costs of severe hypoglycemia (SH) for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) who have initiated basal insulin therapy and to examine differences in SH rates and costs stratified by history of prior SH events.

Methods:

We used a nation-wide electronic health records database that included encounter and laboratory data, as well as clinical notes, to estimate the rates and costs of SH events among adults with T2D who initiated basal insulin between 2008 and 2011. Unadjusted and regression-adjusted rates and quarterly costs were calculated for all patients as well as stratified by history of a SH event before starting basal insulin and history of a SH event during the basal insulin titration period.

Results:

We identified 7235 incident cases of basal insulin use among patients with T2D who did not use insulin during the previous 12 months. Regression-adjusted incidence and total event rates were 10.36 and 11.21 per 100 patient-years, respectively. A history of SH events during the pre-index baseline and post-index titration periods were statistically significantly associated with both the incidence and total event rates (p < 0.01). Regression-adjusted total healthcare and diabetes-related costs were statistically significantly (p < 0.01) higher in those quarters when a SH event occurred than in those quarters without any SH events ($3591 vs. $487 and $3311 vs. $406, respectively). A history of previous SH or SH events during the titration period were not statistically significantly associated with costs.

Conclusions:

These results suggest that the real-world burden of SH is high among people with T2D who start using basal insulin and that history of previous SH events, both before starting insulin and during the insulin titration period, influences future SH. These results can also provide insights into interventions that can prevent or delay SH. These results should, however, be interpreted in light of the key limitations of our study: not all SH events may have been captured or coded in the database, data on filled prescriptions were not available, and the post-titration follow-up period could have been divided into time units other than quarters (3 month blocks) resulting in potentially different conclusions. Further real-world studies on the frequency and costs of SH, using methods to identify as many SH events as possible, can allow healthcare providers to make more informed decisions on the risks and benefits of basal insulin therapy in T2D patients.

Keywords::

• Costs and cost analysis
• Diabetes mellitus, type 2
• Hypoglycemia
• Insulin
• Prevalence studies

Transparency

Declaration of funding

This research was supported by Novo Nordisk Inc.

Declaration of financial/other relationships

M.L.G. and Q.L. have disclosed that they are employees of Evidera, which received research funds from Novo Nordisk Inc. to conduct this study and were so at the time this research was conducted. Y.-Q.L. and E.G. have disclosed that they were also employees of Evidera. N.S.W. and J.C.H. have disclosed that they are employees of Novo Nordisk Inc. and are also stockholders of Novo Nordisk Inc.

CMRO peer reviewers on this manuscript have no relevant financial or other relationships to disclose.