Targeting kallikrein-related peptidases in prostate cancer

Abstract

Introduction: Novel therapeutic compounds are needed for prostate cancer (CaP), given the limitations of already used drugs and the disease's mortality, often attributed to castrate resistance. Tissue kallikrein and kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) form a family of serine proteases aberrantly expressed and broadly implicated in human malignancies. In CaP, KLKs participate in the promotion of cell proliferation, extracellular matrix degradation, tumour cell invasion and metastasis.

Areas covered: This review discusses the different ways of inhibiting, modulating and exploiting KLK activity and/or expression as emerging CaP therapeutics. KLKs are targeted by diverse naturally occurring substances, including proteinaceous inhibitors, low-molecular-weight peptides and Zn²⁺. Synthetic KLK inhibitors include protein/peptide-based inhibitors and small molecules. A re-engineered serpin-based KLK inhibitor is under evaluation in first-in-human trials as a CaP therapeutic, whereas additional potent and selective KLK inhibitors with relevance to CaP have been synthesized. KLK3-activated pro-drugs have entered Phase I and Phase II clinical trials as therapeutics for prostate tumours. The KLK3-based PROSTVAC® vaccine is evaluated in Phase III clinical trials. Targeting KLK expression via RNA interference methods could represent another promising therapeutic approach for CaP.

Expert opinion: Apart from their immense biomarker potential, KLKs also hold promise as the basis of novel CaP therapeutics.

Keywords::

• aptamers
• gene expression targeting
• imaging
• immunotherapy
• kallikrein-related peptidases
• kallikreins
• microRNAs
• pro-drugs
• prostate cancer
• protease inhibitor
• prostate-specific antigen
• serine proteases
• small-interfering RNA
• tissue kallikrein

Declaration of interest

This research has been co-financed by the European Union (European Social Fund - ESF) and Greek national funds through the Operational Program “Education and Lifelong Learning” of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) – Research Funding Program: THALES, investing in knowledge society through the European Social Fund (UoA-BIOPROMO, MIS 377046).

Notes

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