Abstract
Managing older heart failure (HF) patients can be complicated by both cardiac and noncardiac conditions. Over the past 20 years, care for HF patients has become more complex, with a rising proportion of older people living with HF. In particular, cognitive impairment (CI) and frailty often coexist with HF in the elderly. With the prevalence of HF, frailty and cognitive impairment rising with age, the simultaneous occurrence of at least two of these conditions in the same individual will become more frequent. The presence of frailty and/or cognitive impairment in older people with HF is independently associated with worse clinical outcomes. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of frailty and cognitive impairment in older HF patients. Specifically, this article describes the epidemiology of these conditions in HF patients, outlines potential underlying mechanisms, highlights relevant screening tools and reviews relevant clinical implications.
Financial & competing interests disclosure
The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.
No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.
Notes
Data taken from Citation[120, 226].
Adapted with permission from Citation[173].