Abstract
Background
This study aimed to analyze the specific expression of hsa_circ_0007823 in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and explore the roles and related molecular mechanisms of hsa_circ_0007823 in TNBC.
Materials and Methods
Relative hsa_circ_0007823 levels in TNBC tissues and cell lines were examined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The value of hsa_circ_0007823 levels was evaluated in patients’ clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic prediction. A dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to determine the relationship between hsa_circ_0007823, miR-182-5p, and FOXO1. The effect of circ_0007823 overexpression on the growth of TNBC cells was investigated in vitro and in vivo.
Results
Lower levels of hsa_circ_0007823 were found in TNBC tissues and cell lines and were closely associated with lymph node metastasis, poorer overall and disease-free survival rates. MiR-182-5p was significantly up-regulated, whereas FOXO1 was down-regulated in TNBC cell lines. The miR-182-5p inhibition up-regulated FOXO1 in TNBC cells. Dual-luciferase reporter assays showed that hsa_circ_0007823, miR-182-5p, and FOXO1 interacted with each other. Overexpression of circ_0007823 significantly inhibited the viability, migration, and invasion of TNBC cell lines, but promoted apoptosis. In vivo experiments showed that circ_0007823 overexpression inhibited tumor growth and down-regulated miR-182-5p and up-regulated FOXO1.
Conclusion
Hsa_circ_0007823 overexpression could suppress the growth, invasion, and migration of TNBC cells, and inhibit tumor growth by regulating miR-182-5p/FOXO1.
Introduction
Breast cancer is the most common cancer, with more than 2.26 million new cases and approximately 685,000 deaths worldwide.Citation1 Breast cancer is classified into luminal, HER2-amplified, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).Citation2 Luminal breast cancer, the most common subtype, has the best prognosis and benefits from targeted endocrine therapy due to hormone receptor expression as well as HER2-amplified breast cancer benefits from anti-HER2 therapy.Citation3 However, TNBC is a biologically and clinically heterogeneous disease that differs from other subtypes, TNBC develops metastases earlier after diagnosis, with higher brain, liver, and lung metastasis rates, and relatively poor outcomes and prognosis.Citation4 Endocrine therapy, molecular-targeted therapy, and chemotherapy, which are effective for other subtypes, are not effective for treating TNBC, and standardized treatment protocols for TNBC are lacking.Citation5 Three randomized clinical trials of combination treatment strategies using immunomodulators (monoclonal antibodies) and chemotherapeutic agents are underway.Citation6,Citation7 Therefore, developing new therapeutic regimens and targets for TNBC is urgently required.
Advances in sequencing technologies have enabled the identification of a large class of biomolecules called non-coding RNAs. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a class of endogenous non-coding RNAs that are covalent, single-stranded, closed-loop structures that are not easily degraded by RNA enzymes and nucleic acid exonucleases, and are highly stable.Citation8,Citation9 CircRNAs are widely and abundantly expressed in various mammalian tissues and cells.Citation10 In addition, circRNAs exhibit high evolutionary conservation and tissue, cellular, and developmental stage specificity.Citation11,Citation12 CircRNAs can also be released into various body fluids via exosomes; they are stably present, circulate in body fluids, and are recognized by recipient cells.Citation13 Their reported mechanisms of action of circRNAs include acting as microRNA (miRNA) sponges, translation templates for proteins/peptides, and regulating the expression of parental genes.Citation14 Dysregulated expression of circRNAs inevitably leads to the development of various diseases, including cancer.Citation15,Citation16 Liu et alCitation17 showed that circEZH2 was upregulated in the liver metastases of breast cancer and could predict worse outcomes in patients with breast cancer. Another study demonstrated that circKIF4A was overexpressed in breast cancer cell lines and tissues, and the inhibition of its expression could suppress breast cancer growth and metastasis.Citation18 These reports confirmed the presence of specific circRNA sets in different breast cancer subtypes. A previous study used RNA sequencing technology to identify 26 up-regulated and 113 down-regulated circRNAs in TNBC, which were closely associated with the brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway, as well as AMPK and TGF-β signaling pathways.Citation19 In addition, increasing dysregulated circRNAs in TNBC have been identified as potential tumor markers or therapeutic targets.Citation20 However, the specific functions and mechanisms of action of circRNAs in TNBC remain unclear.
Our previous studies confirmed that miR-182-5p levels were higher in TNBC tissues and could promote cell proliferation and migration in TNBC by down-regulating forkhead box F2 (FOXF2).Citation21,Citation22 Thereafter, we performed circRNA sequencing on the samples of TNBC and adjacent tissues to establish the expression profiles of circRNAs of TNBC and found five circRNAs (chr6:131973682-132047340+, hsa_circ_0005982, hsa_circ_0007823 (circUSP42), hsa_circ_0002032, and hsa_circ_0001777) that served as sponges for miR-182-5p. After further validation, hsa_circ_0007823 (circUSP42) was found to be significantly down-regulated in the TNBC, and bound strongly with miR-182-5p.Citation23 Furthermore, the forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factor family is frequently mutated, deleted, or amplified in various human cancers, making it an attractive candidate for treatment.Citation24 It has been reported that miR-182-5p could inhibit the growth of T cells by inhibiting FOXO1 expression in breast cancer, indicating that miR-182-5p may interact with FOXO1,Citation25 but their relationship needs to be further investigated. Therefore, we explored in vivo and in vitro, the roles and underlying mechanisms of the hsa_circ_0007823-miR-182-5p-FOXO1 axis in TNBC occurrence and development. The study results contribute to understanding the possible molecular mechanisms of TNBC pathogenesis and providing potential targets and pathways for TNBC treatment.
Materials and Methods
Samples
Tumors and adjacent normal tissues from 30 patients with TNBC who underwent modified radical surgery at the Shanghai Changning Maternity and Infant Health Care Hospital were collected and immediately preserved in RNAlater (Ambion). The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) female patients aged 31–73 years old with a definite diagnosis of TNBC; (2) patients who underwent modified radical surgery for breast cancer; (3) patients with complete clinicopathological data; and (4) patients who provided informed consent. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) patients with preoperative radiotherapy or neoadjuvant chemotherapy; (2) patients with distant metastasis; and (3) patients with special pathological types, such as invasive lobular, medullary, mucinous, invasive micropapillary, and metaplastic carcinomas. The study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Changning Maternity and Infant Health Care Hospital (approval no. CNFBLLKT-2020002). Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants.
Cell Culture and Transfection
The TNBC cell lines MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, BT-549, human control mammary epithelial cells MCF10A, and 293T cells were purchased from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Science (Shanghai, China). The MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and 293T cell lines were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, Gibco, Invitrogen, USA) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco, Invitrogen, USA), penicillin (100 U/mL, Gibco, Invitrogen, USA), and streptomycin (100 μg/mL, Gibco, Invitrogen, USA). The BT-549 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% FBS, and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. The MCF10A cells were cultured in DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. All the cells were maintained in an incubator with 5% CO2 at 37 °C.
The hsa_circ_0007823 sequence was synthesized using General Biosystems (Chuzhou, Anhui, China) and cloned into pLCDH plasmids (Yanzai Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) to obtain the pLCDH-hsa_circ_0007823 plasmids. The miR-182-5p inhibitor and negative control (NC) inhibitor were purchased from Ribobio (Guangzhou, China). Cell transfection was performed using Lipofectamine 3000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. After culturing for 24 h, the cell transfection efficiency was assessed by determining the levels of circ_0007823 and miR-182-5p using quantitative real-time polymerase-chain reaction (qRT-PCR).
qRT-PCR
Total RNA was extracted from the different cell lines and cells with different treatments or tissue samples using RNAiso Plus (TAKARA, Dalian, China) according to the standard methods. Then, cDNA was synthesized using PrimeScript™ RT Master Mix Kit (TAKARA) for examining miRNA levels, or by PrimeScript™ II 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (TAKARA) for examining mRNA or circRNA expressions. Amplification was performed using the ViiA 7 Real-time PCR System (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The primer sequences used are listed in . The expression of circRNA and mRNA was quantified using GAPDH as an internal reference gene, and miRNA expression was normalized to U6 expression using the 2−ΔΔCt method.
Table 1 The Primer Sequences
Cell Viability and Apoptosis Assay
Cell viability was determined using the cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). Cells with different treatments (approximately 1 × 104) were cultured for 48 h, and 10 µL of CCK-8 reagent (Dojindo, Japan) was added, followed by incubation for another 2 h. The optical density (OD) was measured at 450 nm using a microplate reader.
Following the manufacturer’s protocols, cell apoptosis was examined using an Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection kit (BD Pharmingen, CA, USA). Briefly, the cells subjected to different treatments were harvested and centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 min. The cells were resuspended with Annexin V-FITC (195 μL), and 5 μL Annexin V-FITC and 5 μL PI (50 μg/mL) were added. After incubation in the dark at 25 °C for 20 min, the images were acquired using a BD FACSCalibur flow cytometer (BD Pharmingen, CA, USA), and cell apoptosis rates were analyzed.
Transwell and Scratch Assays
Transwell chambers (8-µm pore size; Guangzhou Jet Bio-Filtration Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China) pre-coated with or without a layer of Matrigel (extra cellular matrix gel; Corning, USA) were used to determine cell migration and invasion. Briefly, approximately 4 × 104 cells suspended in 200 μL of DMEM supplemented with 0.1% FBS were transferred into the upper chamber of Transwell plates, with the lower chamber containing the complete medium. After incubation for 48 h, all media were removed. Next, 4% paraformaldehyde was added to the chambers and incubated for 10 min, followed by incubation with 0.1% crystal violet for 20 min. After removing excess dye and air-drying, the images were observed under an inverted microscope (IX70, Olympus Corporation, Japan), and the relative numbers of the migrating and invading cells were counted.
In addition, a scratch test was performed to determine cell migration. Briefly, cells subjected to different treatments were used for the scratch test as follows: a sharp-pointed tool was used to scratch the horizontal line behind the cell culture medium, then the cell culture medium was removed. After washing twice with PBS, serum-free medium was added and cultured for 48 h, and the cells were photographed at 0 h and 48h, respectively.
Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay
The hsa_circ_0007823 sequence was cloned into the polyclonal site downstream of the translation termination codon of Renilla luciferase (Rluc) in the psiCHECK2 plasmid to obtain the psiCHECK2-hsa_circ_0007823 plasmid. The interaction of hsa_circ_0007823 with the interfering RNA present in the system affected Rluc expression. PsiCHECK2-hsa_circ_0007823, psiCHECK2, miR-NC, or miR-182-5p mimics were co-transfected into 293T cells. After incubation for 48 h, relative Rluc activity was measured using a dual-luciferase reporter system (TECAN, Männedorf, Switzerland).
PGL3 vectors (Promega, Wisconsin, USA) were inserted with wild-type FOXO1 mRNA 3’ UTR sequence or FOXO1 mRNA 3’ UTR sequence with a putative binding sequence mutation. The pGL3 recombinant plasmid, miR-NC, and the miR-182-5p mimics were co-transfected into MDA-MB-231 cells. After incubation for 48 h, firefly luciferase activity was inspected using a microplate reader (Perkin-Elmer) and normalized to Rluc activity.
Tumor Formation in Nude Mice
MDA-MB-231 cells and MDA-MB-231 cells overexpressing circ_0007823 were harvested and centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 min. After washing twice with PBS, the cells were resuspended in a serum-free medium, and the concentration of the cells was adjusted to 5 × 107 cells/mL for use.
Ten SPF BALB/c female nude mice aged 4–6 weeks were purchased from Shanghai SLAC Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All the mice were maintained under controlled temperature (24 ± 2°C) and humidity (50 ± 5%), with a 12 h light/dark cycle. After seven days of acclimatization, the mice were randomly divided into two groups (n = 5): control and OE-circ_0007823 groups. The mice in the control and OE-circ_0007823 groups were subcutaneously injected with 100 μL MDA-MB-231 cells and 100 μL MDA-MB-231 cells with circ_0007823 overexpression H1975 cells in the right forearm underarm, respectively. During the experiment, the mice had ad libitum access to food and water. After tumor inoculation, the subcutaneous graft volume in nude mice was measured weekly. After four weeks, all mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, and the tumors were stripped, weighed, and photographed. Subsequently, the tumor tissues from each group were subjected to qRT-PCR and Western blot. All the animal experiments were performed in accordance with the National Medical Advisory Committee (NMAC) guidelines, using procedures approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Shanghai Changning Maternity and Infant Health Care Hospital.
Western Blot
Proteins were extracted, separated using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes. The membranes were blocked and incubated with primary antibodies against FOXO1 (18592-1-AP, Proteintech) and GAPDH (10494-1-AP; Proteintech) at 4 °C overnight and then incubated with the secondary antibody (111-035-003, Jackson ImmunoResearch) at 37 °C for 2 h. ECL chemiluminescence reagent (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) was used to visualize the bands.
Statistical Analysis
Data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 and are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Comparisons between groups were performed using t-tests or one-way analysis of variance. Pearson’s correlation test was used to analyze pairwise expression correlations. Kaplan–Meier plots and Log rank tests were used to determine the correlation between hsa_circ_0007823 levels, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS). P < 0.05 indicates statistical significance.
Results
Low Expression of Hsa_circ_0007823 Was Associated with Metastasis and Prognosis of TNBC
The expression levels of hsa _circ_0007823 were determined by qRT-PCR. It was found that hsa _circ_0007823 levels were down-regulated in the TNBC tissues (5.97 ± 3.07) compared with the adjacent tissues (20.32 ± 5.42) (t = 16.55, P < 0.001, ). After analyzing the relationships between hsa_circ_0007823 and TNBC clinical indicators, the hsa_circ_0007823 level was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.014) but not with age, menopausal status, histological grade, TNM staging, and Ki-67 expression (P > 0.05, ). The hsa_circ_0007823 level was examined in the lymph node metastasis tissues, and it was found that the hsa _circ_0007823 levels were significantly lower in the lymph node metastasis tissues than in the non-metastatic tissues (P < 0.01, ). Furthermore, patients with low hsa_circ_0007823 levels had significantly poorer OS (P = 0.0003, ) and DFS (P = 0.0002, ) in comparison with the patients with high hsa_circ_0007823 levels. These results implied that low levels of hsa_circ_0007823 may be closely associated with poor prognosis and lymph node metastasis in TNBC.
Table 2 Correlation Between Circ_0007823 Levels and TNBC Clinical Indicators
Figure 1 Expression of hsa_circ_0007823 in clinical samples of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). (A) Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis of the expression of hsa_circ_0007823 in 30 pairs of TNBC and adjacent normal tissues. (B) Analysis of hsa_circ_0007823 expression in patients with TNBC with or without lymph node metastasis. Kaplan–Meier survival curves of overall survival (C) and disease-free survival (D) of patients with TNBC with low and high hsa_circ_0007823 expression. The median hsa_circ_0007823 value was used as the cutoff. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
Hsa_circ_0007823, miR-182-5p, and FOXO1 Interacted with Each Other
To elucidate the relationships of hsa_circ_0007823, miR-182-5p, and FOXO1, miRanda was used to predict the binding site of hsa_circ_0007823 and miR-182-5p, as well as TargetScan was employed to predict that bases 250–271 of the FOXO1 mRNA 3’ UTR may be the potential target regions for miR-182-5p. These relationships were confirmed using a dual luciferase reporter assay. There were no significant differences in the luciferase activity among the cells co-transfected with empty plasmids and miR-NC, the cells co-transfected with empty plasmids and miR-182-5p mimics, and the cells co-transfected with psiCHECK2-hsa_circ_0007823 and miR-NC (P > 0.05); whereas the luciferase activity in the cells co-transfected with psiCHECK2-hsa_circ_0007823 and miR-182-5p mimics was significantly decreased compared with the cells co-transfected with empty plasmids and miR-182-5p mimics, or the cells co-transfected with psiCHECK2-hsa_circ_0007823 and miR-NC (P < 0.05, ). These results indicated that hsa_circ_0007823 could interact with miR-182-5p.
Figure 2 Interaction among hsa_circ_0007823, miR-182-5p and FOXO1. (A) The relationship between hsa_circ_0007823, and miR-182-5p using dual luciferase reporter gene assay. (B) The relationship between miR-182-5p and FOXO1 using dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001.
Furthermore, in the mutated FOXO1 plasmids, the luciferase activity was not significantly changed by miR-182 mimics compared with the NC (P > 0.05). In contrast, in the wild-type FOXO1 plasmids, the luciferase activity after co-transfection with miR-182-5p mimics was evidently reduced relatively to the NC (P < 0.05, ). These results indicated that FOXO1 was the target of miR-182-5p. All the results suggested that circ_0007823, miR-182-5p, and FOXO1 could interact with each other.
Effects of Hsa_circ_0007823 on the Viability and Apoptosis of TNBC Cell Lines
The expression levels of circ_0007823, miR-182-5p, and FOXO1 were determined in TNBC cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and BT549). Compared to the control cells (MCF10A), the levels of circ_0007823 and FOXO1 were significantly decreased in the TNBC cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and BT549). In contrast, the miR-182-5p level was significantly increased in the TNBC cell lines (P < 0.05, ). To investigate the roles of circ_0007823 in TNBC, TNBC cell lines overexpressing circ_0007823 were constructed, and cell growth was examined. It was found that after transfected with OE-circ_0007823 plasmids, the circ_0007823 levels in the MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and BT549 cells were markedly increased (P < 0.05, ), which indicated that the MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and BT549 cells overexpressing circ_0007823 were successfully established.
Figure 3 Expression of hsa_circ_0007823 in TNBC cell lines, and effects of hsa_circ_0007823 on the viability and apoptosis of TNBC cell lines. (A) The expression of hsa_circ_0007823 in the TNBC cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and BT549). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs MCF10A. (B) Cell transfection efficiency of TNBC cell lines after transfected with OE-circ_0007823 by determining circ_0007823 expression using qRT-PCR. **P < 0.01, vs NC. Effects of circ_0007823 on the viability (C) and apoptosis (D) of TNBC cell lines using cell counting kit-8 and flow cytometry. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, vs NC.
The viability and apoptosis of the TNBC cell lines were examined after transfection with the OE-circ_0007823 plasmids. Relative to the NC cells, that is, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and BT549 cells, transfected with OE-circ_0007823 plasmids significantly inhibited the viability of the corresponding MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and BT549 cells (P < 0.05, ). Additionally, the results of flow cytometry showed that the total cell apoptosis rates in the TNBC cells with circ_0007823 overexpression were evidently higher than that in their corresponding normal TNBC cells (P < 0.05, ). All these suggested that circ_0007823 was down-regulated in the TNBC cells, as well as that its overexpression could inhibit the viability of TNBC cells, whereas promote their apoptosis.
Effects of Hsa_circ_0007823 on the Invasion and Migration of TNBC Cell Lines
The effects of circ_0007823 on the migration and invasion of TNBC cell lines were also tested. It was found that the cell number of invasion in the TNBC cell lines transfected with OE-circ_0007823 plasmids was significantly lower than that in the control TNBC cell lines (P < 0.05, ). Furthermore, both Transwell and scratch tests were used to determine cell migration. Transwell assay showed that OE-circ_0007823 plasmids observably reduced the cell number of migration relative to the control cells (P < 0.05, ). Scratch test showed that compared to the control cell lines, the wound healing of the cell lines with circ_0007823 overexpression was signally lessened (P < 0.05, ). Taken together, circ_0007823 overexpression could suppress the invasion and migration of the MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and BT549 cells.
Figure 4 Effects of hsa_circ_0007823 on the invasion and migration of TNBC cell lines. (A) The invasion of TNBC cell lines after transfection with OE-circ_0007823 using Transwell. The migration of TNBC cell lines after transfected with OE-circ_0007823 using Transwell (B) and scratch test (C). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, vs NC. The scale bar for MDA-MB-231 cells was 100 μm; as well as the scale bar for MDA-MB-468 and BT549 was 50 μm.
Expression of FOXO1 in the TNBC Cell Lines Transfected with miR-182-5p Inhibitor
Further, we constructed the TNBC cell lines with miR-182-5p silencing using miR-182-5p inhibitor and found that after transfection, the levels of miR-182-5p in the TNBC cell lines were significantly decreased compared with the cells with NC inhibitor (P < 0.01, ), which implied that the TNBC cell lines with miR-182-5p knockdown were successfully constructed and could be used for subsequent experiments. Then, the expression of FOXO1 was determined using qRT-PCR and Western blot. It was obvious that compared with the NC inhibitor-transfected cells, FOXO1 mRNA expression and protein expression were both significantly up-regulated after transfected with miR-182-5p inhibitor (P < 0.01, and ).
Figure 5 Expression of FOXO1 in the TNBC cell lines transfected with miR-182-5p inhibitor. (A) Cell transfection efficiency of TNBC cell lines after transfection with miR-182-5p inhibitor by determining miR-182-5p level using qRT-PCR. The mRNA expression (B) and protein expression (C) of FOXO1 in the TNBC cell lines after transfection using qRT-PCR and Western blot. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, vs NC inhibitor.
Overexpression of Hsa_circ_0007823 Inhibited the Growth of TNBC Tumor
Finally, the roles of circ_0007823 in TNBC were confirmed using in vivo experiments. MDA-MB-231 cells and MDA-MB-231 cells overexpressing circ_0007823 were, respectively, injected to nude mice, and the tumor of each mouse was observed. After four-weeks of feeding, the tumors in the mice injected with circ_0007823-overexpressed MDA-MB-231 cells were smaller than those in the mice injected with MDA-MB-231 cells (). With the increasing of feeding time, the tumor volume in each group was gradually increased, while the tumor size in the OE-circ_0007823 group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.06, ). Additionally, the tumor inhibition rate in the OE-circ_0007823 group was memorably higher than that in the control group (P < 0.06, ). These hinted that circ_0007823 overexpression could inhibit the growth of TNBC tumor.
Figure 6 Overexpression of hsa_circ_0007823 inhibited the growth of TNBC tumor. (A) The tumor size of each mouse in the different groups. (B) The changes of tumor volume with the increase of feeding time. (C) Tumor inhibition rate of the mice in the different groups. The expression levels of circ_0007823 (D), miR-182-5p (E), and FOXO1 (F) in the tumor samples of each group using qRT-PCR. (G) The protein expression of FOXO1 in the tumor samples of each group by Western blot. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, vs control.
The levels of circ_0007823, miR-182-5p, and FOXO1 were determined in the tumor samples of each group. Compared with the control mice, the expression of circ_0007823 in the OE-circ_0007823 group was significantly up-regulated (P < 0.01, ); whereas the level of miR-182-5p was evidently decreased (P < 0.01, ). For FOXO1, its mRNA expression and protein expression were both significantly up-regulated in the OE-circ_0007823 tissue samples (P < 0.05, and ).
Discussion
In most countries, female breast cancer ranks first in morbidity and mortality among all cancer types, and TNBC is a subtype of breast cancer that is difficult to cure.Citation26 It has been reported that dysregulation of non-coding RNAs, including circRNAs, miRNAs, and related key proteins, drives breast cancer development and promotes cancer progression.Citation27 Exploration of these key dysregulated factors is of great importance. These factors may serve as early biomarkers for the early diagnosis of TNBC, which will directly impact patient treatment and survival. Previous studies found that hsa_circ_0006743, hsa_circ_0002496, hsa_circ_0005046, and hsa_circ_0001791 have been identified to be abnormally expressed in early breast cancer, thereby may be valuable for the early diagnosis of breast cancer.Citation28,Citation29 These factors may be also used to identify the biological features of tumors and help to better manage cancers. Wang et al reported that the high level of circ-UBE2D2 was found to be closely associated with aggressive clinical features of breast cancer.Citation30 In addition, stratifying patients with breast cancer according to these factors provides a more appropriate therapeutic strategy or personalized treatment for patients, as well as targeting these factors may be useful for the treatment of TNBC.Citation31 Breast cancer, including TNBC, can be treated using techniques such as antisense oligonucleotides or CRISPR/Cas to downregulate or suppress circRNAs upregulated in breast cancer and exert pro-cancer effects.Citation32,Citation33 Some circRNAs are downregulated in breast cancer tissues, and function as tumor suppressors.Citation34,Citation35 Nanoparticles containing specific circRNAs have been shown to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis.Citation36,Citation37 Finally, the identification of the expression levels of these factors may be used to analyze tumor response to therapy and predict further cancer progression (growth and metastasis) and prognosis. Therefore, continued identification of new validated biomarkers is of significant clinical value.
In this study, hsa_circ_0007823 was significantly down-regulated in the TNBC tissues and TNBC cell lines, which were in accordance with our previous sequencing data of TNBC tissues.Citation23 Lower levels of hsa_circ_0007823 were also closely associated with lymph node metastasis, and poor overall survival and disease-free survival of TNBC. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo experiments found that hsa_circ_0007823 overexpression significantly inhibited viability, migration and invasion of TNBC cell lines, whereas enhanced their apoptosis as well as suppressed the tumor growth. Chen et alCitation38 demonstrated that circ_0000285 level was higher in the cervical cancer tissues, as well as knockdown of circ_0000285 could suppress the growth and migration of cervical cancer cells and inhibit the formation and transfer of cervical cancer in nude mice through regulating FUS. Another research manifested that circRNA_102231 was up-regulated in the gastric cancer tissues and plasma, as well as circRNA_102231 knockdown could inhibit gastric cancer cell proliferation and invasion both in vitro and in vivo; which implied that circRNA_102231 may be used as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for gastric cancer.Citation39 Taken together, we speculate that hsa_circ_0007823 may be a predictive and prognostic biomarker for TNBC, and overexpression of circ_0007823 may be beneficial for TNBC treatment. However, large retrospective or prospective clinical cohort studies with expanded inclusion sample sizes are necessary, together with an analysis of the differential expression of hsa_circ_0007823 in early stage TNBC biological characteristics. In addition, the analysis of the specific levels of hsa_circ_0007823 in blood samples from patients with TNBC may be promising.
Further, in order to understand the molecular mechanisms of circ_0007823 in TNBC, the target miRNA and mRNA were predicted, and dual-luciferase reporter gene assay showed that circ_0007823, miR-182-5p, and FOXO1 could interact with each other. RT-qPCR and Western blot showed that down-regulation of miR-182-5p could increase the FOXO1 level, as well as circ_0007823 overexpression could repress the miR-182-5p level, whereas up-regulate FOXO1. miR-182-5p was found to be highly expressed in the tumor tissues and plasma of patients with breast cancer and was considered to have an early breast cancer diagnostic value.Citation40 Increasing evidence showed that miR-182-5p could promote growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, and tamoxifen and veliparib resistance in breast cancer.Citation41,Citation42 In addition, down-regulation of FOXO1 expression and promoter hypermethylation has been identified in breast cancer tissues, and correlated with tumor size and lymph node metastasis.Citation43 Patients with breast cancer with high FOXO1 expression have better prognosis.Citation44 A study of Zeng et al reported that FOXO1 was associated with immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoint expression, and response to immunotherapy in breast cancer.Citation45 It has been found that FOXO1 expression was also responsible for stemness and sensitivity of breast cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents, such as tamoxifen and paclitaxel.Citation46,Citation47 Combined with our results, it can be inferred that hsa_circ_0007823 overexpression may inhibit the progression of TNBC through regulating the miR-182-5p/FOXO1 axis. However, in addition to miR-182-5p and FOXO1, circ_0007823 may also adsorb other miRNAs or be involved in TNBC progression through other molecular mechanisms, which requires further research.
Conclusions
Lower levels of hsa_circ_0007823 were found in TNBC tissues and closely associated with metastasis and poor outcomes. Additionally, overexpression of circ_0007823 may suppress the growth, invasion, and migration of TNBC cells, and inhibit tumor growth in nude mice via regulating miR-182-5p/FOXO1, thereby hindering the development and metastasis of TNBC. These findings indicate that circ_0007823 may be a predictive and prognostic biomarker for TNBC, as well as provide a basis for circ_0007823/miR-182-5p/FOXO1 as novel therapeutic targets and pathways for TNBC management.
Abbreviations
qRT-PCR, quantitative real time-PCR, TNBC, triple-negative breast cancer; circRNA, circular RNA; FOXO, forkhead box O; NC, negative control; CCK-8, cell counting kit-8; Rluc, renilla luciferase; OS, overall survival; DFS, disease-free survival; miRNA, microRNA.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
Additional information
Funding
References
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