Glycemic control after initiating basal insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a primary care database analysis

Abstract

Background

When target glycated hemoglobin (HbA_1c) levels are not reached, basal insulin therapy should be considered in type 2 diabetes. The objective of this report was to describe the predictors of glycemic control (strict criterion: HbA_1c ≤6.5%) during the first year after initiating basal insulin therapy in primary care.

Methods

The study applied a retrospective approach using a nationwide database in Germany (Disease Analyzer, IMS Health, January 2008 to December 2011, including 1,024 general and internal medicine practices). Potential predictors of glycemic control considered were age, sex, duration of diabetes, type of basal insulin, comedication with short-acting insulin, baseline HbA_1c, previous oral antidiabetic drugs, diabetologist care, private health insurance, macrovascular and microvascular comorbidity, and concomitant medication. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted with glycemic control as the dependent variable.

Results

A total of 4,062 type 2 diabetes patients started basal insulin (mean age 66 years, males 53%, diabetes duration 4.8 years, mean HbA_1c 8.8%), of whom 295 (7.2%) achieved an HbA_1c ≤6.5% during the one-year follow-up. Factors positively associated with HbA_1c ≤6.5% in logistic regression were male sex (odds ratio 1.59, 95% confidence interval 1.23–2.04), insulin glargine (reference neutral protamine Hagedorn; odds ratio 1.43, 95% confidence interval 1.09–1.88), short-acting insulin (odds ratio 1.33, 95% confidence interval 1.01–1.76), and prior treatment with metformin, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, and diuretics. Lipid-lowering drugs were associated with a lower odds of reaching the glycemic target.

Conclusion

Few type 2 diabetes patients (7%) reached the glycemic target (HbA_1c ≤6.5%) after one year of basal insulin therapy. Achievement of the glycemic target was associated with type of basal insulin, additional short-acting insulins, previous antidiabetic medication, and other comedication, eg, diuretics or lipid-lowering drugs.

Keywords:

• insulin initiation
• type 2 diabetes
• glycemic control
• basal insulin
• primary care

Introduction

There are limited data on the effectiveness of real-life treatment of type 2 diabetes patients.¹ Recently, glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients insured by a large sickness fund (AOK PLUS, 2010–2011) was analyzed in Germany.¹ Based on documentation from disease management programs, 59% showed a glycated hemoglobin (HbA_1c) <7.0%, 36.5% had an HbA_1c of 7%–9%, and an unacceptable level of >9% was recorded in 4.5%.¹ Overall, a mean HbA_1c of 6.98% indicates good glycemic control.¹ This observation is in line with a previous population-based study from Southern Germany.² The mean HbA_1c was 7.2% in type 2 diabetes patients in the population,² and increased with a longer diabetes duration in this cross-sectional survey.² Longitudinal data from general practices in Germany also indicated that the HbA_1c deteriorates over the course of type 2 diabetes.³ Beta-cell dysfunction and/or beta-cell loss is now recognized as a major factor in the progression of type 2 diabetes. The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study showed that beta-cell function was already decreased by 50% at the time of the diagnosis and it continued to decline over the 6-year observation period, even with ongoing oral antidiabetic therapy.⁴

Once oral antidiabetic treatment has failed, starting basal supported oral therapy with either insulin glargine, insulin detemir, or neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin is recommended in type 2 diabetes patients.⁵ Few studies have examined glycemic control (HbA_1c) in type 2 diabetes patients after initiation of basal insulin therapy in a real-world setting.^6–10 The objective of the present study was to describe the predictors (clinical characteristics, medication) of glycemic control (strict criterion: HbA_1c ≤6.5%) during the first year after initiating basal insulin therapy in primary care practices.

Materials and methods

The study applied a retrospective approach using a nationwide database in Germany. The Disease Analyzer (IMS Health) assembles drug prescriptions, diagnoses, and basic medical and demographic data obtained from the practice computer system.¹¹ The period analyzed was January 2008 to December 2011 (including 1,024 general and internal medicine practices). Patients with type 2 diabetes, who had basal insulin (glargine, detemir, NPH insulin) initiated, whichever came first (index date), were identified. The practice visit records were used to determine 12-month prior and 12-month post index continuous follow-up, respectively. Only patients with continuous basal insulin prescriptions were included.

The one-year outcome was reaching a strict HbA_1c target ≤6.5% according to German treatment guidelines.¹² Potential predictors of glycemic control considered were age, sex, diabetes duration, type of basal insulin, comedication with short-acting insulin, baseline HbA_1c, previous oral antidiabetic drugs, diabetologist care, private health insurance, macrovascular and microvascular comorbidity, and concomitant medication. If available, the recorded body mass index before index date was also considered.

Descriptive statistics were applied, and two-sided t-tests and Chi-square test were used, defining a P-value of <0.05 as being statistically significant. Univariable logistic regression models model and a final multivariable logistic regression model were fitted with glycemic control as the dependent variable (SAS version 9.3.; SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).

Results

In total, 4,062 patients with type 2 diabetes started a basal supported oral treatment in the practices (Table 1). The mean age was 66±11.9 years, the mean diabetes duration was 4.8±3.5 years, and there were slightly more males (53%). About one fifth were under the care of a diabetologist. More than half were previously treated with metformin (sulfonylureas 37.9%) and about 20% had received prior dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitor prescriptions. Only 2.8% had received glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs.

Table 1 Characteristics of type 2 diabetes patients in general practices stratified by glycemic control after first year of initiating basal insulin therapy (Disease Analyzer, Germany)

	All	HbA1c ≤6.5%a	HbA1c >6.5%a	Odds ratiob (95% CI), univariable	Odds ratiob (95% CI), multivariable
n	4,062	295	3,767		–
Male sex (%)	53.1	62.7*	52.3*	1.53 (1.20–1.96)	1.58 (1.23–2.04)
Age (years)	65.9 (11.9)	66.1 (12.4)	65.8 (11.9)	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	1.00 (0.99, 1.01)
Diabetes duration (years)	4.8 (3.5)	4.8 (3.9)	4.8 (3.5)	1.00 (0.97–1.04)	0.99 (0.96, 1.03)
Diabetologist care (%)	20.5	15.9*	20.9*	0.72 (0.52–0.99)	0.83 (0.58–1.19)
Private insurance (%)	4.7	6.1	4.6	1.36 (0.82–2.42)	1.22 (0.73–2.04)
HbA1c (%) (baseline)	8.8 (1.6)	9.0 (1.9)	8.8 (1.6)	1.06 (0.99–1.14)	1.04 (0.97, 1.12)
Glargine (%)	45.3	55.6*	44.5*	1.44 (1.12–1.86)c	1.43 (1.09–1.88)c
Detemir (%)	15.2	9.8*	15.6*	0.73 (0.49–1.11)d	0.73 (0.48–1.12)d
NPH insulins (%)	39.5	34.6	39.9	(Reference)	(Reference)
Short-acting insulins (%)	43.7	44.4	43.6	1.03 (0.81–1.31)	1.33 (1.01–1.76)
Metformin (%)e	56.3	63.4*	55.7*	1.38 (1.08–1.76)	1.50 (1.16–1.95)
Sulfonylureas (%)e	37.9	36.6	38.0	0.94 (1.74–1.20)	0.85 (0.65–1.11)
DPP-4 inhibitorse (%)	19.5	25.4*	19.1*	1.45 (1.10–1.91)	1.49 (1.11–1.99)
Lipid lowering drugse (%)b	41.8	37.6	42.1	0.83 (0.65–1.06)	0.69 (0.54–0.90)
Diureticse (%)	34.4	43.4*	33.7*	1.51 (1.19–1.92)	1.60 (1.23–2.10)

Notes: Data are shown as the mean ± standard deviation or proportion (%)

* P<0.05

a last recorded HbA_1c during one year of follow-up after initiating basal insulin therapy

b odds ratios were computed using multivariable logistic regression (dependent variable: HbA_1c ≤6.5% versus >6.5%) including all variables in the table and further adjusting for macrovascular (coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke) and microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy) complications (data not shown, all complications not significantly associated with glycemic control had P>0.05)

c glargine versus NPH

d detemir versus NPH

e at least one prescription before initiating basal insulin.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase; NPH, neutral protamine Hagedorn; HbA_1c, glycated hemoglobin.

Glargine was the most frequently prescribed basal insulin, followed by NPH and detemir (Table 1). Mean HbA_1c was 8.8% at baseline and declined by −0.8% units over the year. Overall, 295 (7.2%) patients achieved an HbA_1c ≤6.5% during the one-year follow-up (20.9% achieved a target of <7%). About 44% were additionally treated with short-acting insulins (glargine 29.3%, detemir 47.2%, NPH 58.9%; glargine versus NPH P<0.0001; detemir versus NPH P<0.05).

There were significant differences between patients who did and did not reach the glycemic target during one-year follow-up (Table 1). Whereas no differences were found for age and diabetes duration, the group with HbA_1c ≤6.5% contained more males and was less often under specialized diabetes care. They were treated more often with insulin glargine and with metformin and DPP-4 inhibitor than those with higher HbA_1c levels during follow-up. Finally, diuretics were prescribed more often in patients with more favorable glycemic control.

Factors positively associated with HbA_1c ≤6.5% at follow-up in multivariable logistic regression were male sex (odds ratio [OR] 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23–2.04), insulin glargine (reference NPH; OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.09–1.88), short-acting insulin (OR 1.33; 95% CI 1.01–1.76), and prior treatment with metformin, DPP-4 inhibitors, and diuretics (Table 1). Baseline treatment with lipid-lowering drugs was associated with a lower odds of reaching the glycemic target.

No significant relationships were observed for age, diabetes duration, diabetologist care, private health insurance, insulin detemir, baseline HbA_1c, and macrovascular and microvascular complications (data not shown). A subgroup analyses including 1,246 patients with recorded body mass index at baseline yielded largely similar results (data not shown), eg, use of insulin glargine (reference NPH) was significantly related to the HbA_1c target (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.05–2.95).

Discussion

The aim of the present study was to examine the proportion and predictors of a strict glycemic control (HbA_1c ≤6.5%) in patients with type 2 diabetes who initiated a basal supported oral treatment. Only few patients (7%) reached this strict glycemic target after one year and 21% achieved a more moderate level (HbA_1c <7%).

First, the type of basal insulin (insulin glargine) was related to successfully achieving the target. Even though prescription of short-acting insulin (basal-bolus therapy) was lowest in combination with insulin glargine (29.3%), the proportion of responders reaching the HbA_1c target was highest (55.6%). In contrast with randomized controlled trials,^13–16 previous real-world studies of glycemic outcomes on basal insulins yielded inconsistent results.^6–10

A retrospective database study from the USA showed a larger HbA_1c change (−1.11% versus −0.96%, P=0.048) during one-year follow-up in users of insulin glargine than in users of insulin detemir,⁶ whereas two other US studies found no significant differences in HbA_1c outcomes between the two insulins.^7,8 In the Swedish National Diabetes Register, the one-year change in HbA_1c also did not differ between glargine and detemir when compared with NPH insulin.⁹ Unfortunately, these results are difficult to compare with each other because of the different study populations and study designs.

Second, the addition of short-acting insulin increased the odds of achieving the HbA_1c target. In line with this observation, addition of glulisine, a rapid-acting insulin analog, showed a substantial improvement in HbA_1c levels in patients who were insufficiently controlled with insulin glargine and oral antidiabetic agents.¹⁶

Interestingly, male sex was a predictor of having an HbA_1c <6.5%. Similarly, male patients in Swedish primary care centers showed slightly more favorable glycemic control than females (HbA_1c <6.5%, 59% versus 54%, respectively).¹⁷ Further, prior treatment with certain antidiabetic drugs (metformin, DPP-4 inhibitors) was associated with an increased odds of achieving the glycemic target. The combination of metformin with insulin has been previously shown to improve glycemic control.¹⁸ DPP-4 inhibitors have also been reported to improve HbA_1c in basal insulin therapy without the risk of hypoglycemia.¹⁹ Finally, previous use of diuretics (favorable) and lipid-lowering agents (unfavorable) were predictors of the glycemic outcome.

Our study indicates that despite the publication of international and national guidelines, adequate control of insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes remains beset with challenges.^5,12 Although we found some factors that were related to better glycemic control, future clinical studies should elucidate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms (eg, insulin sensitivity, beta-cell function).⁴

Several limitations of the present study should be mentioned. First, no valid information on prescribed daily doses and important outcome measures (eg, hypoglycemia) were available. Further, assessment of diabetes duration and comorbidity relied on ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision) codes by primary care physicians only. Finally, body mass index values were only available for a subgroup.

In conclusion, this real-world study shows that achievement of the glycemic target (HbA_1c ≤6.5%) among patients with type 2 diabetes initiating basal insulin is associated with the type of basal insulin, additional short-acting insulins, previous antidiabetic medication, and other comedication, including diuretics and lipid-lowering drugs.

Disclosure

The study was supported by an unrestricted grant from Sanofi-Aventis. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.