Abstract
Background
Maternal and neonatal mortality is a major health problem in developing countries. Birth preparedness and complication readiness (BPCR) is a strategy to encourage pregnant women to make prompt decisions to seek care from skilled birth attendants. Reports of good BPCR vary depending on study setting and population. Most studies of BPCR have been conducted in developing countries, BPCR status and associated factors in Thailand are currently unknown.
Objective
To discover the proportion of good BPCR (at least four BPCR indicators), associated factors and predictive factors for good BPCR in pregnant women attending antenatal clinic.
Materials and methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Thailand, from May 1 to December 31, 2017. The participants were interviewed using the BPCR index developed by the John Hopkins Program for International Education in Gynecology and Obstetrics.
Results
Of a total 672 pregnant women, the proportion of good BPCR was 78.6%. The association between baseline characteristics with BPCR status revealed that the good BPCR group was significantly associated with adult pregnancy, married, high education, being employed, high income, extended family, multiparity, first antenatal visit ≤12 weeks and average distance to the hospital >2 hours. Results from multiple logistic regression found that significant predictive factors for good BPCR were a diploma or a bachelor’s degree (ORadj 2.09, 95% CI 1.19–3.69, P=0.010), income more than 10,000 baht (ORadj 2.63, 95% CI 1.37–5.05, P=0.004), extended family (ORadj 2.32, 95% CI 1.41–3.82, P=0.001) and multiparity (ORadj 1.56, 95% CI 1.01–2.42, P=0.047).
Conclusion
This study demonstrated that the proportion of good BPCR among pregnant women attending antenatal care was high. Associated factors of good BPCR were adult pregnancy, married status, high education, employed, high income, extended family, multiparity, first antenatal visit at ≤12 weeks and long-distance transportation. Predictive factors for good BPCR were high education, high income, multiparity and extended family.
Introduction
Pregnancy is a very sensitive period in which unexpected life-threatening complications may arise at any period, from conception to the postpartum period. Maternal and neonatal mortality is an ongoing major public health problem in developing countries. In 2015, the WHO estimates that ~830 women die every day from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth, and 99% of all maternal deaths occur in developing countries.Citation1,Citation2 Most maternal death is a consequence of complications during and following pregnancy and childbirth, most of which are preventable or treatable when births are assisted by skilled birth attendants.Citation3 Although a safe motherhood program is successful in reducing maternal mortality, it does not mean high utilization of maternal health services. The problem may be due to the delays in seeking, reaching and receiving adequate care.Citation4 One effective strategy to prevent maternal mortality is birth preparedness and complication readiness (BPCR), which will encourage pregnant women to make prompt decisions to seek care from skilled birth attendants.
BPCR is a strategy to promote the timely use of skilled maternal and neonatal care, especially during childbirth. With this aim in mind, in 2001, The Maternal and Neonatal Health Program of John Hopkins Program for International Education in Gynecology and Obstetrics (JHPIEGO) developed the BPCR matrix, which is a standard set of indicators that could be used across countries. BPCR matrix explains the roles of policymakers, facility managers, health care providers, communities, families and women in ensuring that women and newborns receive timely skilled maternal and neonatal care based on the theory that preparing for childbirth and being ready for complications reduce delays in seeking and obtaining appropriate care.Citation5 A report from Ethiopia showed that BPCR had a significant effect on skilled care use.Citation6 Moreover, there is clear evidence from a meta-analysis of 14 randomized studies showing that BPCR interventions, with adequate population coverage, are effective in reducing maternal and neonatal mortality in low-resources setting.Citation7
However, reports of good BPCR vary from 15% to 70%,Citation8,Citation9 depending on study setting and population. Most studies of BPCR were conducted in developing countries, such as Ethiopia, India, Nigeria, Tanzania and Ghana. Little is known about the BPCR status and associated factors in Thailand. Moreover, the majority of earlier published papers were conducted in rural or peri-urban areas. There are few studies in urban settings where available health care facilities, sociodemographics and cultural conditions are different. This study, therefore, aimed to assess the BPCR status and factors associated with BPCR among pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) at Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Bangkok. Additionally, results of this study will contribute to provide valuable information for service providers, policy makers, development partners, and programmers to design effective BPCR programs and interventions in an attempt to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality rates in Thailand. Furthermore, it is hoped that the results also serve as baseline information for further study.
Materials and methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted among antenatal pregnant women at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand, from May 1 to December 31, 2017. Approval for the study was obtained from the Research Ethics Board at Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, and all the study subjects gave written informed consent during antenatal period.
The studied population consisted of all antenatal pregnant women who planned to give birth at Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital. Inclusion criteria were mothers of Thai nationality who could communicate in Thai, low-risk pregnancy and gestational age of 20 weeks or more. Exclusion criteria were having maternal and fetal complications at date of interview.
Sample size was calculated based on previous studies in India; they found that 35.85% of pregnant women had good BPCR.Citation10 The powers of 80% and a level of confidence of 95% were applied to determine the difference between groups. Adding 10% for incomplete data, a total of 672 participants were included in this study by computerized simple random sampling technique. Then a research assistant would interview the pregnant woman who matched the random number.
All participants who were ≥18 years old were informed of the study processes by a research assistant at antenatal clinic and gave written informed consent. For those participants, who were under the legal age of consent (under 18 years old), the participants and their parents or legal guardians were informed of the study processes at antenatal clinic by a research assistant. After understanding all processes, their parents or legal guardians provided informed consent on their behalf.
The participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire which included sociodemographic profile, parity, gestational age at initial antenatal care, place of residence and average distance from the hospital. The questionnaire for individual level BPCR index was developed from the JHPIEGO and includes knowledge of danger signs during pregnancy, labor, postpartum and, in newborns, plan to attend at least four antenatal care visits with a skilled provider; attend first ANC visit with a skilled provider during first trimester; plan to give birth with a skilled provider; plan to save money for a childbirth and plan to identify a mode of transport to the place of delivery.Citation11 The participants who fulfilled at least four BPCR practices were considered as “well prepared” and the rest of them were “poorly prepared”.Citation10,Citation12 Eligible and consenting women were interviewed by a well-trained research assistant.
The primary outcome of this study was the proportion of good BPCR in pregnant women attending ANC clinic. The secondary outcomes were risk factors and predicting factors of good BPCR. The data were analyzed by statistician using SPSS version 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).Citation13 Chi-squared test was used for categorical data analysis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were further entered into logistic regression analysis to determine independent predictors of good BPCR and presented as odds ratio and 95% CI. P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
A total of 672 pregnant women were eligible for analysis. Of all the participants, 528 (78.6%) pregnant women had good BPCR by fulfilling at least four BPCR indicators and the remaining 144 (21.4%) showed poor BPCR. Of the six indicators of BPCR, 74.7% knew at least eight key danger signs during pregnancy, labor, postpartum and, in the newborn, 70.4% planned to attend at least four antenatal care visits with a skilled provider, 76.0% attended first antenatal care session with a skilled provider during first trimester, 86.8% planned to give birth with a skilled provider, 50.7% planned to save money for a childbirth and 85.4% planned to identify a mode of transport to the place of delivery. Therefore, the most mentioned BPCR indicator was planning to give birth with a skilled provider, and the least mentioned BPCR indicator was planning to save money for the childbirth ().
Table 1 BPCR among antenatal women
The least known obstetric danger sign of all phases of pregnancy was danger signs during labor (47.0%). The most mentioned danger sign of obstetric complications was severe vaginal bleeding (87.5%, 83.5% and 87.5% during pregnancy, labor and postpartum, respectively). The least mentioned danger sign was retained placenta (43.5%). Overall, the respondents were able to mention more newborn danger signs than obstetric danger signs. However, the least known danger sign in the newborns was lethargy/unconscious.
shows baseline characteristics of antenatal women. The demographic characteristics of all 672 antenatal women revealed that the majority were 20–29 years old (53.3%), obese (57.7%), married (78.1%), had an elementary and secondary school education (62.9%), had income ≥10,000 THB (67.3%), had a nuclear family (70.5%), lived in Bangkok (63.7), average distance to hospital >2 hours (93.6%), their husbands had an elementary and secondary school education (70.4%) and worked in offices (69.9%). The obstetric characteristics showed that the majority were multipara (52.2%), had gestational age at first ANC >12 weeks (53.7%), number of ANC ≥4 (80.7%).
Table 2 Demographic Characteristics of women attending ANC clinics and association with BPCR
The association between baseline characteristics with BPCR status, good BPCR (n=528) and poor BPCR (n=144) is shown in . Pregnant women with good BPCR were significantly older adults (P=0.038), mostly married (P=0.006), with more educated to diploma and bachelor level than elementary and secondary school (P<0.001), more were government officers than office employees and unemployed (P=0.005), had higher incomes than low income (P<0.001), had more extended families than nuclear families (P=0.001), lived a greater average distance from the hospital (P=0.009), their husbands had more diploma and bachelor-level education than elementary and secondary school (P<0.001) and more were government officers than office employees and unemployed (P=0.003). Finally, the mothers had more multiparity than primiparity (P=0.035) and more first antenatal visits at ≤12 weeks than at >12 weeks (P=0.006).
To analyze factors predicting good BPCR, univariate logistic regression analysis found that age, marital status, education, occupation, income, family type, parity, gestational age at first ANC, average distance to the hospital, husband’s education and husband’s occupation were significant factors (P<0.10). After adjusting OR estimated by multiple logistic regression adjusting for age, marital status, education, occupation, income, family type, parity, gestational age at first ANC, average distance to hospital, husband’s education and husband’s occupation were analyzed. The adjusted OR estimated by multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the significant factors predicting good BPCR were pregnant women who had a diploma or a bachelor’s degree (ORadj 2.09, 95% CI 1.19–3.69, P=0.010), had income over 10,000 baht (ORadj 2.63, 95% CI 1.37–5.05, P=0.004), had extended family (ORadj 2.32, 95% CI 1.41–3.82, P=0.001) and were multiparity (ORadj 1.56, 95% CI 1.01–2.42, P=0.047) ().
Table 3 Univariate and multiple logistic regression analysis of factors associated with good BPCR
Discussion
This cross-sectional study has identified the proportions and predicting factors of good BPCR. Results demonstrated that the proportion of pregnant women who had good BPCR was 78.6%. This finding is consistent with the result of one study in Kenya, in which women participated in an active Community Health Strategy program offering free maternal and child health services. They found that 70.5% of women attending antenatal care clinic were prepared for birth, while 90.6% reported readiness for complications.Citation9 Moreover, a similar finding was reported from India, where a study was conducted in an urban tertiary hospital.Citation14
Nevertheless, the findings of this study revealed greater birth preparedness than prior reports, which mostly studied lower-middle income countries. The proportion of well-prepared pregnant women was 30%–57% in India,Citation15–Citation17 19% in Ghana,Citation18 48.8% in Nigeria,Citation19 17%–54% in EthiopiaCitation21,Citation21 and 58% in Tanzania.Citation22 There has not yet been any report of BPCR from developed countries. The higher proportion of good BPCR in this study may be due to its urban setting and tertiary care hospital where the population have better awareness and access to health information through general health education and different media,Citation21 despite there being no BPCR intervention in our institute. Furthermore, this study was based in a tertiary-level health care facility in an inner urban area, which could account for mothers’ higher levels of awareness of birth preparation and planning. Another limitation is that we have little information about home births and the level of birth preparedness and complications as our study focused on the population of mothers who access our hospital services. Since BPCR intervention can increase preparation for birth and complications,Citation23 implementation of a BPCR program as an essential part of antenatal education is recommended to increase the BPCR rate above the existing result.
When considering birth preparedness indicators, the most mentioned indicator was planning to give birth with a skilled provider (86.8%), followed by planning to identify a mode of transport to the place of childbirth (85.4%). These findings indicate that the majority of pregnant women gave priority to birthplace access and safe delivery. Similar findings were reported by a study in India in which the majority of the participants identified a skilled provider for delivery (98.14%) and had made arrangements of vehicle for transportation (72.25%), despite being conducted in a rural area with low BPCR index score.Citation17 Moreover, this study also found that the least mentioned indicator was planning to save money for a childbirth (50.7%). This low level of money saving for childbirth suggests health care personnel should counsel about all expenses and financial planning during ANC sessions.
Of all BPCR indexes, the most important index is knowing of the danger signs of obstetric and newborn complications, because it indicates readiness for pregnancy complications and is an essential first step in their recognition along with taking appropriate and timely action to access hospital for emergency obstetric and newborn care.Citation24 Moreover, there is clear evidence that knowledge of danger signs is associated with good BPCR. Reports from Uganda and Ethiopia showed that women who were knowledgeable of danger signs were 2–4 times more likely to have greater BPCR as compared with those who were not knowledgeable.Citation20,Citation21,Citation25,Citation26 This study revealed that 74.7% of pregnant women knew the danger signs, which is higher than previous studies. Although this figure is high, it does not guarantee that an individual will recognize it in practice, because danger signs are measuring spontaneous knowledge without fully measuring an individual’s ability to recognize problems and grasp the severity of danger signs.Citation11 A study from South West Ethiopia showed low pregnancy danger sign awareness despite having heard about BPCR before.Citation27 Delays in seeking, reaching and obtaining care may be due to many factors, such as understanding importance of each danger sign, decision to seek care, accessibility to facilities, financial status, family and community support, socioeconomic and cultural factors and receiving adequate and proper treatment.Citation11 To increase BPCR, health care personnel should not only routinely provide knowledge of danger signs but also explain severity and progression of danger symptoms and signs, together with initial care before going to hospital.
Considering each aspect of danger sign knowledge, this study found that less than 50% of participants were knowledgeable in danger signs during labor and the postpartum period, which needs improvement to increase awareness of danger signs. The most commonly mentioned danger sign across all the three phases in this study was vaginal bleeding, which was comparable with previous studies.Citation9,Citation28,Citation29 This can be explained by the fact that vaginal bleeding is a visible symptom that women feel is harmful to the fetus, which makes them realize that it is a danger sign of pregnancy. However, it is also necessary to educate pregnant women about other symptoms which are also dangerous to mother and baby.
This study also found that well-prepared women were significantly older, more likely to be married, had high incomes, more educated spouses, greater spouse employment, more multiparity, earlier ANC visits and more extended family than less prepared women. These characteristics are likely to lead to better pregnancy preparedness and readiness for pregnancy complications. This highlights the need to encourage pregnant women to attend early ANC for good BPCR. Moreover, health care personnel should also provide BPCR intervention to pregnant women who are at risk of poor BPCR, such as adolescents, primipara, the poorly educated, unemployed or those of low socioeconomic status.
After adjusting for confounding effects using multiple logistic regression analysis, this study found that women with good BPCR women had 2.09 times higher education, 2.63 times more income, 1.56 times more multiparity and 2.32 times more extended family than women with poor BPCR women. Thus, BPCR intervention in this group will have a greater chance of good BPCR. This finding is similar to an earlier report from India, which was conducted in an urban setting and tertiary care hospital, like this study. They found that the predictors of BPCR were multiparity, educational status and ANC at first trimester.Citation14
The results of this study have implications for institutes to implement BPCR programs with adequate population coverage. Moreover, health professionals should provide BPCR counseling to all pregnant women during the antenatal period. This approach may be generalizable to pre-conceptional women to prevent maternal and neonatal mortality. Additionally, postpartum mothers probably benefit from BPCR counseling for further pregnancy.
Strengths and limitations
The strengths of this study were large sample size, the questionnaire of BPCR index was developed from JHPIEGO and the participants were interviewed by a well-trained research assistant. However, this study had many limitations, it was a cross-sectional study, hence the relationship between variables could not be proven. The answers were self-reported with no means of verification and thus subject to bias. Moreover, participants were interviewed while currently pregnant, rather than after completing their pregnancies; they may not yet have had the opportunity or need to decide on BPCR. Another limitation of this study includes factors that might affect BPCR status, such as attitudes and beliefs about birth preparedness, decision-making power, male partner influence, socioeconomic status of family, accessibility to health care services and reasons for seeking health care service that were not evaluated. Further research would study BPCR status comparing adult and adolescent pregnancy. Other research could study the effect of BPCR implementation on BPCR status. Moreover, suggestions for future research should be extended to the study of family and community roles in BPCR.
Conclusion
Although BPCR in this study was high, implementation of a BPCR program as a part of antenatal education is essential to increase BPCR awareness. Older, married pregnant women with high education, high economic status, multiparity, early ANC and extended family were more likely to have good BPCR. This study recommends health care personnel to encourage pregnant women to attend early ANC. Predictive factors for good BPCR were high education, high income, multiparity and extended family. BPCR intervention in this group during ANC period is likely to increase BPCR level.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank all participants in the study and all staff of the data collection team. The authors also express their gratitude and thanks to Mr Jason Cullen for proof reading the earlier drafts of the manuscript. Finally, this study was made possible through funding and support from the Faculty of Medicine, Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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