Switching to aflibercept among patients with treatment-resistant neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review with meta-analysis

Abstract

Purpose

To systematically review anatomical and functional outcomes subsequent to switching from bevacizumab/ranibizumab to aflibercept monotherapy in patients with treatment-resistant neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD).

Design

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods

Medline, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched up to July 2016 for available scientific literature which met inclusion criteria. Eligible studies reported visual and anatomical outcomes with at least 6 months of follow-up among patients with nAMD and persistent or resistant exudative fluid despite previous anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy (bevacizumab and/or ranibizumab) and were switched to aflibercept monotherapy. Mean changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT) were pooled using random-effects models with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

Of 82 papers reviewed, 28 studies met inclusion criteria of this review. Pooled results showed a small mean improvement in BCVA at 6 and 12 months following switching (1.11 letters, 95% CI −0.25 to 2.46, P=0.17 and 0.63 letters, 95% CI −0.26 to 1.52, P=0.17, respectively). There was a significant improvement in mean CRT following switching (−61.90 µm, 95% CI −77.10 to −46.80, P<0.001 and −50.00 µm, 95% CI −63.20 to −36.80, P<0.001 at 6 and 12 months, respectively).

Conclusion

Pooled analysis demonstrated significantly improved anatomical outcomes; however, visual function remained stable, having a comparable effect to other anti-VEGF agents in preservation of vision. These patients had poorly responsive chronic disease with limited potential for visual recovery. Switching to aflibercept with frequent monitoring may be a suitable option for patients who have developed treatment resistance.

Keywords:

• anti-vascular endothelial growth factor
• macular degeneration
• treatment resistance
• meta-analysis
• aflibercept

Introduction

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive, degenerative disease of the retina which is the leading cause of blindness among older people in western countries.^1–8 There are 2 main forms of late-stage AMD; “dry” AMD is characterized by the development of either drusen, pigmentary changes or atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in the macular region (geographic atrophy, GA). Aside from antioxidant therapy, there are no current treatments for dry AMD, although numerous clinical trials are under development.⁹ Wet AMD or neovascular AMD (nAMD) is characterized by choroidal neovascularization (CNV), an anomalous angiogenic process controlled by growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), placental growth factor (PlGF), platelet-derived growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, and angiogenic inhibitors such as pigment epithelium-derived factor.^10,11 These choroidal neovascular vessels typically leak and bleed, leading to intra- or subretinal fluid, and lipid exudation which may result in severe vision loss.⁷ Without treatment, the process usually evolves into fibrous scarring greatly diminishing visual capacity.¹²

Until the introduction of anti-VEGF agents, treatments most commonly used for nAMD included thermal laser photocoagulation and verteporfin photodynamic therapy (PDT).⁸ However, neither laser photocoagulation nor PDT offered any significant potential for visual recovery when the central macula is involved. Anti-VEGF therapy has become the standard treatment for nAMD with several anti-VEGF agents available: Avastin^® (bevacizumab), Lucentis^® (ranibizumab), and more recently Eylea^® (aflibercept). Both ranibizumab and aflibercept have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the eye.^13,14 Anti-VEGF therapy has been shown to be effective in the treatment of a number of other ocular diseases, such as diabetic macular edema, and retinal vein occlusions.

Aflibercept, previously known as VEGF Trap (Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA), is the most recent anti-VEGF agent; the molecule serves as a soluble VEGF decoy to impede the growth of new blood vessels by binding to VEGF-A (with a higher affinity than its natural receptors, and both ranibizumab and bevacizumab), VEGF-B, and PlGF. It is therefore thought to be more effective in blocking VEGF and has been effective in naïve eyes¹⁵ and was approved for the treatment of nAMD by the FDA in 2011.¹⁴

Long-term, repeated use of ranibizumab and bevacizumab has been associated with diminished effectiveness. A significant proportion of patients treated with these therapies, termed “nonresponders”, do not benefit from continued treatment, and vision continues to deteriorate.^16–18 Therapeutic options for nonresponders are limited to offering a different therapeutic agent, combining therapy, or decreasing treatment intervals. With up to 25% of patients classed as nonresponders,¹⁶ there is a greater need for understanding of treatment resistance to improve treatment strategies.

The purpose of this review is to investigate the functional and anatomical response as well as the effect of differing treatment regimens, and disease chronicity among nAMD patients (resistant or refractory) switched to aflibercept previously treated with other intravitreal anti-VEGF agents (ranibizumab and bevacizumab).

Methods

Search strategy

A search of Medline, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases was undertaken independently by 2 reviewers (KS and TH). The search strategy was based on the combination of medical subject headings and the keywords “neovascular AMD”, “wet AMD treatment”, “aflibercept”, “Eylea”, “age-related macular degeneration”, “ARMD”, “switching”, “refractory”, “anti-vascular endothelial growth factor”, and “anti-VEGF”. Studies published from January 2012 to July 2016 were included in this review. The citations of related articles were examined for additional publications.

When data was missing, unclear, or incomplete, we attempted to contact study authors for clarification and additional information.

Eligibility criteria

This review considered studies that included populations that had undergone previous anti-VEGF therapy with either ranibizumab and/or bevacizumab, before being switched to aflibercept monotherapy due to persistent or resistant exudative fluid secondary to nAMD.

We limited the search to clinical studies published in peer-reviewed, and English language publications. Studies were excluded if participants were not followed for a minimum of 6 months or when only an abstract was published. The key inclusion criteria were the following: (a) patients should be aged 50 years or older with active subfoveal CNV lesions secondary to AMD, who are resistant to previous anti-VEGF therapy; and (b) Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) should be between 75 and 25 letters (20/32 to 20/320 Snellen equivalent).

Study selection

The review authors performed the literature search by screening citations by title and abstract, identified all studies for full review to confirm eligibility, and selected independent studies for their inclusion in the systematic review. Any disagreement between these reviewers was resolved by a third reviewer (AC), and the decision to include and exclude a study was reached by consensus.

Data extraction and quality assessment

The review authors independently screened articles, extracted data, and assessed risks of bias, following the 27-point Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. The review authors then independently assessed the full-text reports and removed articles that were not relevant to the topic.

The authors extracted data and tabulated data such as mean change of visual acuity (VA), central retinal thickness (CRT), and pigment epithelial detachment (PED) height from baseline. When extracting data, the Cochrane handbook was used to obtain standard deviation from range, median, or P-value when present.¹⁹ BCVA data was converted to ETDRS letter score.

Data were summarized both qualitatively and quantitatively. This was facilitated by extracting data in regard to the following characteristics from all included studies: study design (retrospective or prospective), study setting (country), patient selection (target population, sample size), patient characteristics (age, gender), and clinical characteristics (BCVA, CRT, PED height, dosing regimens).

Further to the overall meta-analysis, we also stratified the studies by the number of previous anti-VEGF therapies before conversion to aflibercept (<12 injections, 12–23 injections, and ≥24 injections), the number of aflibercept injections received during the course of the study (<4 injections and ≥4 injections for the 6-month studies and <8 injections and ≥8 injections for the 12-month studies), study design type (robustness of prospective vs retrospective studies), and dosing regimen during the course of the study. If studies had missing data regarding the stratification, this was removed from the analysis for the corresponding meta-analysis.

The review authors independently assessed potential sources of bias according to the Downs & Black Checklist.²⁰ All included studies were assessed as fair. Insufficient information was presented in many cases to enable us to assess the quality and strength of studies in 2 domains: measures taken to reduce bias (n=25) and patients lost to follow-up (n=24).

Data synthesis and analysis

A meta-analysis of eligible studies was conducted using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 2.0 (Biostat, Englewood, NJ, USA). All results were subjected to double data entry, and effect sizes were expressed as mean differences (for continuous data) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results were pooled using random-effects models and visualized in forest plots. Meta-regression analysis was used to identify heterogeneity and quality factors that were subsequently used to stratify pooled estimates. Heterogeneity was assessed with the I² statistic, which is the percentage of between-study heterogeneity that is attributable to variability in the true effect, with 25%, 50%, and >75% indicating low, moderate, and high heterogeneity, respectively.²¹ In cases where heterogeneity was significant, a random-effects model was used. Publication bias was assessed with funnel plots and Egger’s linear regression.

Results

Description of studies

Of the 82 articles identified by the initial search, 43 were found to be potentially relevant for the review. Of these, 15 were excluded – 1 study shared the same sample and time period, 3 assessed polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy rather than CNV lesions, 6 were under the desired time of follow-up, and 5 had insufficient data.

Twenty-eight studies (Table 1) that met the inclusion criteria for the review were identified. All studies examined the efficacy and safety of aflibercept for patients with nAMD previously treated with bevacizumab and/or ranibizumab. Sample sizes ranged from 11 to 447, with a total of 2,254 eyes included in this meta-analysis. The study duration ranged from 6 to 24 months. The literature search process and reasons for exclusion are summarized in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Data sample extraction.

Abbreviation: PCV, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy.

Table 1 Characteristics of included studies in the meta-analysis

Study	Country	Study design	Sample size	Definition of treatment resistance	Inclusion/exclusion criteria	Mean follow-up (months)
Aghdam et al^Citation25	Germany	Prospective	22	Persistent fluid after >6 months of monthly ranibizumab therapy	No previous macular laser, PDT, or vitrectomy No history of RAP/PCV or presence of macular fibrosis scar	12
Arcinue et al^Citation30	USA	Retrospective	63	Persistent retinal fluid after the eyes have been dry following at least 3 injections every 4 weeks; or persistence of exudation or fibrovascular PED with IRF/SRF on OCT while on monthly ranibizumab or bevacizumab monotherapy	Excluded if they had received aflibercept elsewhere prior; macular hole, VMT, ERM, retinal detachment, PCV, macular dystrophy, or peripapillary CNV	12
Bakall et al^Citation42	USA	Retrospective	36	Persistent IRF/SRF despite monthly intravitreal injections with the same drug or a change from either bevacizumab or ranibizumab to the other 4 weeks apart	IRF/SRF present for minimum of 3 months prior to baseline Must be treated with minimum 3 aflibercept injections	6
Barthelmes et al^Citation31	Australia	Retrospective	384	Persistent exudation and loss of vision despite regular treatment	At least 12 months previously treated with ranibizumab and 12 months of follow-up after switch	12
Broadhead et al^Citation22	Australia	Prospective	43	Persistent IRF or SRF and PED on OCT for at least 6 months despite at least 4 intravitreal anti-VEGF injections in the past	BCVA of 35–90 letters (20/200–20/20) PED height >100 µm	12
Chan et al^Citation32	USA	Retrospective	189	Persistent or recurrent macular edema, SRF, hemorrhage, exudates, and/or PED to the same drugs during the time of drug transition to aflibercept	Received at least 3 consecutive injections of the same anti-VEGF prior (bevacizumab and/or ranibizumab) to baseline Must receive 3 loading doses and have 6 months of follow-up	6
Chang et al^Citation24	Australia	Prospective	49	Persistent IRF/SRF on OCT despite at least 4 anti-VEGF injections in the previous 6 months	BCVA of 35–90 letters (20/200–20/20) Excluded if: uncontrolled IOP >25 mmHg; h/o vitreous hemorrhage, inflammation, vitrectomy, PDT, or subfoveal atrophy; triamcinolone 180 days prior to baseline	6
Chang et al^Citation23	Australia	Prospective	49	Presence of IRF/SRF OCT despite at least 4 intravitreal injections of an anti-VEGF agent in the preceding 6 months	BCVA of 35–90 letters (20/200–20/20) Excluded if: uncontrolled IOP >25 mmHg; h/o vitreous hemorrhage, inflammation, vitrectomy, PDT, or subfoveal atrophy; triamcinolone 180 days prior to baseline	12
Chatziralli et al^Citation43	UK	Retrospective	447	Persisting or increasing SRF/IRF or PED on OCT or the presence of macular hemorrhage	Received at least 3 monthly ranibizumab injections over a period of no more than 4 months before switch No h/o vitrectomy, prior PDT, or laser treatment; uncontrolled glaucoma; or uveitis	12
Cho et al^Citation41	USA	Retrospective	28	Persistent IRF/SRF 28–35 days after a minimum of 6 ranibizumab and/or bevacizumab injections	Excluded if: OCT was dry at any time 3 months prior to baseline; OCT or FFA suggesting retinal tubulation without IRF/SRF or cystic degeneration	6
de Massougnes et al^Citation33	Switzerland	Retrospective	60	Presence of IRF/SRF at each visit 1 month after injection to ranibizumab treatment during 9 months leading to switch	PED height >150 µm Excluded if: PCV, or any other confounding retinal pathology	9
Eadie et al^Citation34	USA	Retrospective	67	Persistent exudation confirmed on OCT despite a minimum of 3 anti-VEGF injections	Nil retinal thickening due to subretinal fibrosis	24
Gerding^Citation45	Switzerland	Retrospective	40	The necessity of monthly ranibizumab injections, or OCT findings were worse within the last 6 months than previously under an equal or lower frequency of ranibizumab treatment	No other treatment for AMD. Completed 6 months of follow-up	6
Gharbiya et al^Citation35	Italy	Retrospective	31	Persistent IRF/SRF despite at least 6 consecutive monthly injections with ranibizumab	Interval between last injection and baseline not <4 weeks or exceeding 6 weeks Must have at least 6 months of follow up No prior PDT, PCV, RAP, or intraocular surgery except standard cataract surgery	6
Grewal et al^Citation26	USA	Prospective	21	Persistent IRF/SRF or PED despite >6 months of monthly anti-VEGF treatment	Previously treated with at least 6 anti-VEGF 12 injections No PCV, CSR, RPE tear, PDT (3 months prior to baseline), subfoveal fibrosis, or prior triamcinolone (within 6 months prior to baseline); intraocular Sx within 2 months prior to baseline; h/o vitrectomy, inflammation, and subretinal hemorrhage	12
Hall et al^Citation36	USA	Retrospective	30	Central macular edema or submacular fluid despite a mean of 19.1±0.06 prior to anti-VEGF injections	Received 2 anti-VEGF injections prior to baseline, and had to be followed for 6 months after the switch	12
Hariri et al^Citation46	USA	Retrospective	142	Refractory fluid to other anti-VEGF therapies	At least 3 injections in the previous 12 months prior to Baseline No DMO, CRVO, ERM, CSR, previous inflammation, or PDT	12
He et al^Citation47	USA	Retrospective	142	Refractory fluid to other anti-VEGF therapies	At least 3 injections in the previous 12 months prior to baseline No DMO, CRVO, ERM, CSR, previous inflammation, PDT	12
Kanesa-Thasan et al^Citation37	USA	Retrospective	11	Persistent PED, IRF/SRF, and/or sub-RPE fluid with adjacent SRF or IRF after at least 6 months of monthly anti-VEGF treatment	No PDT, subfoveal fibrosis, h/o vitrectomy, active inflammation, vitreous hemorrhage, subretinal hemorrhage involving at least 1 disc area of central fovea, previous RPE tear, or PCV and CSR	18
Kumar et al^Citation38	USA	Retrospective	34	Persistent IRF/SRF or subfoveal sub-RPE fluid with adjacent IRF/SRF fluid on OCT despite at least 3 consecutive injections with ranibizumab	Had consecutive anti-VEGF therapy in 6 months prior to baseline (3 being ranibizumab) Interval between the last ranibizumab injection and baseline not exceeding 42 days	6
Major et al^Citation48	USA	Retrospective	60	Persistent PED despite ≥2 prior anti-VEGF injections	No h/o CSR, glaucoma, or intraocular steroids	12
Mantel et al^Citation27	Switzerland	Prospective	21	Presence of IRF/SRF despite monthly retreatment with ranibizumab	Previous ranibizumab Rx for 2 years and still had persistent fluid BCVA between 20/25 and 20/400 Max lesion size 12 DD	12
Narayan and Muecke^Citation39	Australia	Retrospective	80	Persistent macular fluid after >12 months of ranibizumab treatment	Eyes excluded if they received prior PDT	12
Pinheiro-Costa et al^Citation44	Portugal	Retrospective	82	Persistent IRF/SRF after ≥3 consecutive monthly bevacizumab injections	Minimum 3 anti-VEGF before Baseline Received at least 3 aflibercept with follow-up	8.3
Ricci et al^Citation49	Italy	Retrospective	72	Persistent IRF/SRF after at least 3 monthly consecutive ranibizumab injections as evaluated by OCT	Exclusion criteria: Prior vitrectomy, trabulectomy, surgery in the study eye within 3 months of baseline, uncontrolled glaucoma, uveitis, or other ocular disease to confound the results	12
Sarao et al^Citation28	Italy	Prospective	92	Persistent or recurrent IRF/SRF on OCT after at least 4 intravitreal ranibizumab injections during the previous 6 months	BCVA <70 ETDRS No RAP, PCV, RPE tear, active inflammation, or infection	12
Thorell et al^Citation40	USA	Retrospective	73	Persistent or recurrent IRF/SRF on OCT despite at least 12 months of intravitreal bevacizumab or ranibizumab	Received at least 12 months of anti-VEGF therapy prior to baseline No concomitant retinal pathology	6
Wykoff et al^Citation29	USA	Prospective	46	Recalcitrant fluid despite monthly or near-monthly anti-VEGF therapy	Previously treated on 2-year SAVE trial No subretinal fibrosis or GA	6

Abbreviations: AMD, age-related macular degeneration; BCVA, best-corrected visual acuity; CNV, choroidal neovascularization; CRVO, central retinal vein occlusion; CSR, central serous retinopathy; DD, disc diameters; DMO, diabetic macular edema; ERM, epiretinal membrane; ETDRS, Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study; GA, geographic atrophy; FFA, fundus fluorescein angiogram; h/o, history of; IOP, intraocular pressure; IRF, intraretinal fluid; OCT, optical coherence tomography; PCV, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy; PDT, photodynamic therapy; PED, pigment epithelial detachment; RAP, retinal angiomatous proliferation; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium; Rx, treatment; SRF, subretinal fluid; Sx, surgery; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VMT, vitreomacular traction.

The majority of included studies reported at least 1 functional and anatomical measure. Reported outcomes included BCVA changes and stability, changes in CRT, macular volume, and PED height. Overall, we included 8 prospective^22–29 and 20^30–49 retrospective studies, with a mean follow-up of at least 6 months after converting to aflibercept. Two articles included the same eyes at different times after conversion.^23,24

While we were able to identify more studies that examined the effect of switching to aflibercept, insufficient outcome data prevented them from being included in this meta-analysis.

Baseline characteristics

Baseline characteristics of the patients included within the individual studies were similar across all studies (Tables 1 and 2). The mean age ranged from 70.1 to 83.4 years, and 59% of patients were female. The mean baseline BCVA letter scores ranged from 42.50 to 74.20 ETDRS letters and were similar among the studies. The mean CRT ranged from 228.60 to 449.00 µm. The mean PED height ranged from 122.80 to 313.00 µm.

Table 2 Clinical characteristics of included studies in the meta-analysis

Study	Mean age in years (range)	Number of injections prior to conversion (range)	Time between last anti-VEGF treatment and conversion (range)	Mean number of aflibercept injections (range)	Treatment regimen
Aghdam et al^Citation25	73.95±10.65 (56–91)	9.55±6.91 (6–30)	Not <4 weeks or >6 weeks	7.27±1.98 (4–12)	Loading phase of aflibercept every 4 weeks for 3 months followed by PRN
Arcinue et al^Citation30	81.00 (IQR 76–87)	13.00 (IQR 7–22)	Median 6 weeks (range 4–18)	Those treated every 8 weeks =4 (4–6) 21 eyes were switched to every 4-weekly treatment	8 weekly aflibercept injections without loading phase In case of persistent fluid regimen, changed to every 4 weeks
Bakall et al^Citation42	79.00 (60–88)	25.60 (6–74) 10.6 for ranibizumab group 15.0 for bevacizumab group	4 weeks	5.72 (in 9 eyes treatment was stopped prior to 6 months: in 8 patients after the fifth injection and in 1 patient after the fourth injection)	Loading phase of aflibercept every 4–6 weeks for 3 months, followed by PRN
Barthelmes et al^Citation31	N/A	N/A	N/A	6.60	N/A
Broadhead et al^Citation22	78.70	34.80	N/A	8.00	Loading phase of aflibercept every 4 weeks for 3 months, followed by 8 weekly injections
Chan et al^Citation32	83.40	Bevacizumab group: 4.80 over 6 months prior to switch Ranibizumab group: 8.60 over 6 months prior to switch Mixed group: 4.90 over 6 months prior to switch	N/A	5.40 5.40 bevacizumab group 5.50 ranibizumab group 5.50 mixed group	3 monthly loading doses, and then treat- and-observe strategy
Chang et al^Citation24	77.80±7.50	34.90±16.10	>30 days	5.00	Loading phase of 3 monthly injections plus mandatory injection at weeks 16 and 24
Chang et al^Citation23	77.80±7.50	34.90±16.10	36 days	8.00	Loading phase of 3 monthly injections plus mandatory injection every 2 months at months 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12
Chatziralli et al^Citation43	78.60±8.20	7.00±4.50 (3–36)	N/A	6.80	8 weekly aflibercept injections. No loading dose
Cho et al^Citation41	81.00 (62–95)	20.20±7.60 (7–37)	28–35 days	4.40 (3–6)	Loading phase of 3 monthly injections, and then every 6–8 weeks for 21 eyes (75%)
de Massougnes et al^Citation33	78.80±7.10	26.10±12.00	N/A	N/A	3 monthly loading doses, and then treat-and -observe strategy
Eadie et al^Citation34	79.90	3–38	5.88 weeks (4–10)	5.53 (2–11)	Treat + extend approach, or every 4 weeks due to persistent exudation
Gerding^Citation45	80.60±7.70 (60.9–100)	21.50±11.70 (9–54)	46.5 days	4.01±1.14 (2–6)	PRN
Gharbiya et al^Citation35	70.10±8.10 (60–86)	34.40±11.90 (15–50)	4.90±0.80 weeks (4–6)	4.50±1.30 (3–6)	Loading dose of 3 injections and retreatment according to following factors: 1) VA loss of at least 5 letters with OCT evidence of fluid, 2) persistent or recurrent IRF/SRF on OCT, and 3) new SR hemorrhage from CNV
Grewal et al^Citation26	80.70±4.50	29.80±17.10 (6–70)	Not <28 days	10.20±1.20 (10–12)	Loading phase of 3 monthly injections plus bimonthly injections in case of resolution of the edema or monthly in case of edema
Hall et al^Citation36	80.40±1.45	14.90±2.01 (2–53)	N/A	6.27±0.37 (4–11) (6-month follow-up: 30 patients received 4.50±0.11 injections; 9 month follow-up: 26 patients received 6.00±0.23; 12-month follow-up: 22 patients received 7.17±0.38)	In the presence of SRF at the time of the switch: loading phase of 3 monthly injections, and then treat-and-extend regimen. In absence of SRF at the time of the switching: treat-and -extend regimen
Hariri et al^Citation46	81.00 (60–97)	18.00	35.80±5.04 days (28–42)	N/A	N/A
He et al^Citation47	82.90±8.15	17.46±10.07 (3–46)	N/A	7.51±1.65	82 eyes: standard therapy: 3 monthly loading doses and bimonthly doses thereafter 34 eyes: Rx with less than standard therapy, undergoing injections further apart 26 eyes: Rx with more than standard: monthly or every 6 week injections
Kanesa-Thasan et al^Citation37	80.70±4.38	25.70±20.10 (6–70)	N/A	15.10±2.47 18 months (12–19)	Minimum 3 monthly aflibercept, and then switched to a bimonthly interval if complete resolution of SRF or IRF, or kept at an interval at which complete resolution was maintained, based on treat–and -extend approach
Kumar et al^Citation38	79.00±8.00 (72–84)	28.60±20.10 (IQR 11–43)	34.40±5.00 days (IQR 32–37)	5.30±0.60 (IQR 5–6)	Loading phase of 3 monthly injections followed by PRN treatment
Major et al^Citation48	81.20 (60–95)	24.80 (2–66)	36 days (27–65)	N/A	N/A
Mantel et al^Citation27	76.00	20.70 Group A (aflibercept n=10 eyes): 21.30 Group R (ranibizumab n=11 eyes): 20.10	N/A	10.70 Group A (aflibercept): 10.70 Group R (ranibizumab): 10.70	3 monthly injections and then observe-and -extend regimen for 12 months
Narayan and Muecke^Citation39	83.20±7.00	N/A	N/A	7.58	48 eyes (60%): 8 weekly; 25 eyes (31%): 6 weekly; 6 eyes (7.5%): 4 weekly; 1 eye: initially 4 weekly extended to 12 weekly
Pinheiro-Costa et al^Citation44	76.60 (61–92)	12.40 16.50 (6–24) bevacizumab group 8.90 (3–39) ranibizumab group	N/A	5.10±1.70 (range 3–9) Bevacizumab group: 4.50±1.60 Ranibizumab group: 5.60±1.60	Treat and extend
Ricci et al^Citation49	79.00 (59–93) PRN group 77 (52–85) fixed regimen group	5.00 (4.5–7.50) PRN group 6.50 (4–9.5) fixed regimen group	N/A	3.50±1.60 (1–7) PRN group 7.00 fixed regimen group	36 eyes (50%): PRN regimen; 36 eyes (50%): loading dose of 3 monthly injections followed by fixed bimonthly injection
Sarao et al^Citation28	78.30±8.20	15.20±1.90	N/A	3.50±1.80	Initial injection of aflibercept and then reviewed every 4 weeks. Rx at investigators’ discretion
Thorell et al^Citation40	76.20±8.70	30.70±15.50	N/A	4.50±1.00	Treat-and -extend strategy, starting from every 4-week treatment
Wykoff et al^Citation29	77.80 (55–95)	42.00 (19–67)	33.30 days (28–68)	5.60	Loading phase of 3 monthly injections, one mandatory dose at month 4 and PRN doses at months 3 and 5

Abbreviations: CNV, choroidal neovascularization; IQR, interquartile range; IRF, intraretinal fluid; N/A, not available; OCT, optical coherence tomography; PRN, pro re nata; Rx, treatment; SRF, subretinal fluid; SR, subretinal; VA, visual acuity; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.

Meta-analysis

Best-corrected visual acuity

Nineteen studies (n=1,434 eyes) were included in the assessment of BCVA change between baseline and 6 months. Overall, the pooled results did not find a significant increase in BCVA from baseline with a mean increase of 1.11 letters (95% CI −0.25 to 2.46, P=0.11) (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Forest plot of 19 studies reporting results of best-corrected visual acuity 6 months after the switch to aflibercept.

Note: Best-corrected visual acuity was divided by 10 for better visualization of the forest plot.
Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.

Fifteen studies (n=1,561 eyes) were included in the assessment of BCVA change between baseline and 12 months. There was no significant change in BCVA from baseline with a mean increase of 0.63 letters (95% CI −0.26 to 1.52, P=0.17) (Figure 3). Significant heterogeneity was found across studies assessing BCVA for 6 and 12 months of follow-up (I²=95.85%, P<0.001 and I²=91.81%, P<0.001, respectively).

Figure 3 Forest plot of 15 studies reporting results of best-corrected visual acuity 12 months after the switch to aflibercept.

Note: Best-corrected visual acuity was divided by 10 for better visualization of the forest plot.
Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.

When the studies were stratified by the number of previous injections prior to switching to aflibercept at 6 months, studies with less mean number of previous injections (<12) showed a greater mean increase of 3.83 letters compared to those which had a greater mean number of previous injections (>24) which showed a lesser mean increase of only 0.05 letter (Table 3). Stratification by the number of aflibercept injections showed that studies which had less injections of aflibercept over the course of the study had a greater improvement in BCVA compared to those which had more injections over the course of the study (2.97 vs 0.49 letters at 6 months).

Table 3 Subgroup analysis of pooled BCVA means (95% confidence intervals) in ETDRS letters

6 months
Previous anti-VEGF injections (n)	<12 injections 3.83 (0.06–7.59)	12–23 injections 1.45 (−2.24 to 5.13)	≥24 injections −0.05 (−1.60 to 1.50)
Aflibercept injections (n)	<4 injections 2.97 (0.29–5.64)	≥4 injections 0.49 (−1.40 to 2.38)
Dosing	Loading + 2q8 1.42 (−4.71 to 7.56)	Loading + PRN 2.20 (−2.01 to 6.40)	Loading + T&E 0.21 (−3.09 to 3.52)	2q8 0.22 (−0.58 to 1.03)	PRN 3.47 (1.91–5.03)	T&E −1.20 (−4.97 to 2.57)
Study design	Prospective 3.96 (0.72–7.19)	Retrospective 0.25 (−1.26 to 1.75)
12 months
Aflibercept injections (n)	<8 injections 0.53 (−0.53 to 1.59)	≥8 injections 1.05 (−1.48 to 3.57)
Dosing	Loading + 2q8 2.37 (0.34–4.40)	Loading + PRN 13.41 (6.10–20.72)	Loading + T&E −0.73 (−1.32 to −0.14)	2q8 −0.29 (−1.82 to 1.24)	PRN −0.81 (−2.83 to 1.22)
Study design	Prospective 2.79 (−0.12 to 5.70)	Retrospective 0.11 (−0.87 to 1.08)

Note: n represents number, and 2q8 represents bimonthly injections.

Abbreviations: BCVA, best-corrected visual acuity; ETDRS, Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study; PRN, pro re nata; T&E, treat and extend; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.

Studies with a pro re nata (PRN) regimen without a loading dose had the greatest mean increase in BCVA of 3.47 letters at 6 months. Studies with a regimen of 3 loading doses followed by PRN dosing had the greatest mean increase in BCVA of 2.20 (6 months) and 13.41 letters (12 months). This is compared to studies following a treat-and-extend regimen which had the lowest change in BCVA with a mean decrease of 1.20 and 0.73 letters at 6 and 12 months, respectively. There was significant change in BCVA among prospective studies, exhibiting a greater increase in mean BCVA of 3.96 and 2.79 letters at 6 and 12 months, respectively, compared to those retrospective in nature in which mean BCVA of <1 letter was noted at 6 and 12 months.

Central retinal thickness

Seventeen studies (1,343 eyes) were included in the meta-analysis of the mean change of CRT between baseline and 6 months. Overall, the pooled results showed a significant reduction in CRT from baseline with a mean reduction of 61.90 µm (95% CI −77.10 to −46.80, P<0.001) (Figure 4).

Figure 4 Forest plot of 17 studies reporting results of central retinal thickness 6 months after the switch to aflibercept.

Note: Central retinal thickness was divided by 100 for better visualization of the forest plot.
Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.

Eleven studies (1,016 eyes) were included in the assessment of CRT change between baseline and 12 months. There was significant reduction in CRT from baseline with a mean reduction of 50.00 µm (95% CI −63.20 to −36.80, P<0.001) (Figure 5). Significant heterogeneity was found between studies assessing CRT for 6 and 12 months of follow-up (I²=97.01%, P<0.001 and I²=96.95%, P<0.001, respectively).

Figure 5 Forest plot of 11 studies reporting results of central retinal thickness 12 months after the switch to aflibercept.

Note: Central retinal thickness was divided by 100 for better visualization of the forest plot.
Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.

Subgroup analysis of the number of previous anti-VEGF injections and aflibercept injections throughout the study showed similar mean reduction in CRT across the included studies (Table 4). Those studies incorporating a dosing regimen of 3 loading doses followed by PRN treatment had a mean reduction of −103.20 (at 6 months) and −95.40 µm (at 12 months) compared to those studies incorporating a dosing regimen of 3 loading doses followed by treat-and -extend treatment which had a mean reduction of −38.40 (6 months) and −24.00 µm (12 months). There was an initial similar difference between study designs, with prospective studies illustrating a greater CRT reduction of −70.00 (6 months) and −85.50 µm (12 months) compared to those retrospective in nature illustrating −58.30 (6 months) and −38.80 µm (12 months).

Table 4 Subgroup analysis of pooled CRT means (95% confidence intervals) in µm

6 months
Previous anti-VEGF injections (n)	<12 injections −52.20 (−104.60 to 0.10)	≥12 injections −66.10 (−86.60 to −45.50)
Aflibercept injections (n)	<4 injections −66.90 (−114.00 to −19.90)	≥4 injections −63.10 (−85.00 to −41.10)
Dosing	Loading + 2q8 −44.20 (−85.80 to −2.60)	Loading + PRN −103.20 (−173.60 to −32.80)	Loading + T&E −38.40 (−70.40 to −6.30)	2q8 −62.50 (−117.60 to −7.40)	PRN −75.10 (−132.00 to −18.20)	T&E −47.50 (−106.80 to 11.80)
Study design	Prospective −70.00 (−107.80 to −32.10)	Retrospective −58.30 (−75.00 to −41.50)
12 months
Aflibercept injections (n)	<8 injections −49.00 (−63.20 to −34.80)	≥8 injections −53.20 (−100.10 to −6.20)
Dosing	Loading + 2q8 −25.90 (−40.50 to 11.30)	Loading + PRN −95.40 (−136.30 to −54.50)	Loading + T&E −24.00 (−27.60 to −20.30)	2q8 −69.40 (−142.50 to 3.70)	PRN −53.00 (−90.70 to −15.20)
Study design	Prospective −85.00 (−119.30 to −50.70)	Retrospective −38.80 (−53.10 to −24.60)

Note: n represents number, and 2q8 represents bimonthly injections.

Abbreviations: CRT, central retinal thickness; PRN, pro re nata; T&E, treat and extend; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.

PED height

Eight studies (474 eyes) were included in the analysis of mean change in PED height for 6 months of follow-up. There was a significant reduction in PED height from baseline with a mean reduction of 51.20 µm (95% CI −55.10 to −47.40, P<0.001) (Figure 6). Heterogeneity (I²=0%, P=0.69) was not detected between studies in this analysis. There was no difference in PED height change across the different dosing regimens and among the study designs (data not shown).

Figure 6 Forest plot of 8 studies reporting results of pigment epithelial detachment height 6 months after the switch to aflibercept.

Note: Pigment epithelium detachment values were divided by 100 for better visualization of the forest plot.
Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.

Ocular and systemic adverse events

Reported ocular and systemic adverse events were rare and only reported in 8 of the studies. Another 13 studies indicated that systemic and ocular adverse events were being monitored but with no reported incidence of adverse events. Only a small number of ocular adverse events were reported; among those, endophthalmitis rates were low with 3 reported cases in the cohort of 2,254 eyes (<1%). There were 4 (<1%) reported cases of cataract or lens changes, 3 eyes (<1%) with progression of GA, 3 (<1%) eyes which developed a tear, 2 eyes (<1%) with subretinal hemorrhage, 2 eyes (<1%) with submacular hemorrhage, 1 eye (<1%) with retinal detachment, and 3 eyes with intraocular pressure increase (<1%).

Publication bias

There was evidence of possible publication bias when assessed by the funnel plots and by Egger’s test (P=0.30 BCVA 6 months; P=0.005 BCVA 12 months; P=0.06 CRT 6 months; P=0.02 CRT 12 months; P=0.43 PED 6 months), indicating that the treatment effect was overestimated as majority of studies were having small population sample.

Discussion

In this review, a meta-analysis was used to analyze the efficacy of switching to aflibercept monotherapy in clinical practice among patients with treatment-resistant AMD. The results demonstrated considerable improvement in anatomical outcomes, though functional improvement was limited. Overall, our results show that treatment-resistant patients may benefit from switching to aflibercept in reducing retinal thickness and maintaining visual function.

Although there were significant morphological improvements in terms of CRT and PED height, there were no comparative responses in terms of visual function. The absence of an associated improvement in visual acuity could be due to multiple factors, including better baseline visual acuity, greater foveal thickness, and angiographic lesion type and size^50–52 limiting the potential for improvement. The chronic nature of nAMD in these patients may progress to atrophic changes^12,53,54 and subsequent photoreceptor and RPE damage⁵⁵ leading to a possible pharmacological ceiling effect. The CATT trials showed an increase in GA with monthly ranibizumab injections;⁵⁵ thus, it has been suggested aflibercept’s higher binding affinity for VEGF may aggravate preexisting GA in switching patients.⁵⁶

Furthermore, the chronicity of disease is demonstrated among eyes which received more injections prior to the switch to aflibercept having poorer outcomes than those eyes with fewer previous injections. Additionally, eyes receiving more injections of aflibercept during the study period had minimal improvement in BCVA and CRT reflecting the treatment-resistant nature of this population. Subsequently, a decreased effect over time is suggestive of a drug tolerance as VEGF continues to be expressed as more therapy is administered.⁵⁷

Prospective studies assessing the switch to aflibercept demonstrated better functional and anatomical improvements than the retrospective studies. Prospective studies typically have a more structured protocol with predefined time points, thus reducing known biases incurred from retrospective study designs.⁵⁸ The window for visit time-points among retrospective studies may be highly variable, leading to measurement bias.

The pooled results highlight the benefit of a loading dose; the studies which did not include a loading dose did not improve comparatively to those that did.⁵⁹ This may be a reflection of the chronicity of the disease among these patients requiring more intensive treatment. Few of the included studies reported the frequency of scheduled visits throughout the study period; however, those which did reported monthly follow-up visits supporting the need for more intensive monitoring.

Studies that administered PRN dosing improved more compared to those which administered bimonthly injections over the same period. This is contrary to the VIEW studies among naïve eyes, which did not find any long-term detrimental effects despite the sawtooth pattern of the optical coherence tomography thickness in the bimonthly aflibercept arm.^60,61 The number of aflibercept injections administered among the PRN group (range 4.50–5.72) regimens compared to the bimonthly group (range 4.40–5.00) regimens was comparable over the 6 months. Among the studies which had a PRN regimen, only 1 described the number of injections (7.27) over 12 months, and studies which had bimonthly injection had between 5.25 and 10.20 injections. Similarly, PRN dosing regimen displayed the most improvement in contrast to those studies following a loading followed by treat-and -extend regimen (range of injections 3.14–5.30), reflecting the need for closer monitoring in these resistant patients. The slightly higher number of injections within the PRN group may indicate the resistant nature of these eyes, with the majority needing more frequent injections than the bimonthly dosing recommended by the manufacturer. However, it has been reported that aflibercept does not maintain its effect for 2 months in many patients, as 79% of eyes in the subjects with exudative AMD who were incomplete responders to multiple ranibizumab anti-VEGF injections (TURF trials) required treatment on PRN visits,²⁹ indicative of the resistant nature of these patients. The pooled results suggest an individualized PRN treatment regime may yield better results.

The safety profile of aflibercept was similar to bevacizumab and ranibizumab based on information in the included studies.^15,62 We reported the outcomes of 28 papers for a total of 2,254 eyes. Although the reporting of adverse events was inconsistent, most of the included studies reported as “no systemic or ocular adverse events occurred”. Among studies which reported adverse events, endophthalmitis and retinal detachment rates were low (<1%).

Several other therapeutic approaches have been suggested to manage treatment resistance in these patients: increasing the frequency between treatment intervals;^63,64 increasing the dose of the same anti-VEGF therapy;^63,65 and combining anti-VEGF therapy with another treatment modality, such as verteporfin PDT.⁶⁶ However, switching to a different anti-VEGF agent, such as aflibercept, seems to have the best effect in terms of decreasing CRT, PED height, and the reduction in retinal fluid.

This meta-analysis validates the effectiveness of aflibercept in improving morphology in patients with AMD refractory to ranibizumab and bevacizumab.^67,68 This may be because aflibercept binds VEGF-A, VEGF-B, and PlGF, while other anti-VEGFs only bind with VEGF-A. Aflibercept’s higher binding affinity than bevacizumab and ranibizumab may attribute to this better outcome.⁶⁷ Using aflibercept for those with treatment resistance could potentially inhibit more angiogenic factors improving efficacy.

The results of this meta-analysis should be interpreted with caution for several reasons. Firstly, the available studies generally contained small numbers of participants, which may lead to an overestimation of treatment effect among the individual studies which may accentuate the results of this meta-analysis. Secondly, a majority of the studies were retrospective in nature, and there were no randomized trials to accommodate for confounding variables. Thirdly, there was considerable variability among study designs and dosing regimens.

Conclusion

This analysis shows that patients with nAMD, who have had an inadequate response to ranibizumab and/or bevacizumab, may benefit by switching to aflibercept therapy.

Of importance, the eyes included in this study were poor responders and had limited potential for visual recovery as the disease is both chronic and advanced in nature; nonetheless, they still displayed an improvement. Although vision did not significantly improve, vision stability may have an immense impact on the patient’s quality of life in terms of activities of daily living, independence, and mobility and decrease the risk of comorbidities such as depression.⁶⁹ As these difficult-to-treat patients are likely to have more chronic disease, recommended bimonthly treatment for naïve eyes may not be adequate for this group. Changing to aflibercept with a loading dose and PRN regimen on an individualized basis may prove to be an effective management strategy.

Acknowledgments

Bayer Corporation Global provided financial support via unrestricted research grant. The sponsor had no role in the design or conduct of this research.

Disclosure

Andrew A Chang is a consultant for Alcon, Bayer, and Novartis. Kimberly Spooner, Thomas Hong, and Wijeyanthy Wijeyakumar report no conflicts of interest in this work.