Two-step surgery for retinal detachment caused by myopic macular hole

Abstract

Purpose

To report the results of a two-step operation for treating retinal detachments caused by macular holes in high-myopic patients.

Methods

In the first part of the operation, pars plana vitrectomy, air–fluid exchange, and silicone oil injection were performed. At 4–6 months after the first operation, the second part of the operation was performed. This involved silicone oil removal and internal limiting membrane peeling under the aid of triamcinolone acetonide with or without gas tamponade.

Results

Four eyes (four patients) underwent surgery with this technique. All retinas were attached at the time of the second operation, when internal limiting membrane peeling could be performed easily and safely. The retina remained attached in all four eyes (100%) during 24–32 months of follow-up after the second operation.

Conclusion

Favorable surgical results were obtained with the two-step operation in the treatment of retinal detachments resulting from myopic macular holes.

Keywords:

• internal limiting membrane peeling
• macular hole
• macular hole retinal detachment
• retinal detachment
• silicone oil
• two-step

Introduction

Macular buckling and vitrectomy are the two main methods used for treating myopic patients with retinal detachments caused by macular holes.^1,2 In the case of vitrectomy, surgical results have improved since the internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling technique became widely used.² However, beginning retinal surgeons, and sometimes even experienced surgeons, find it challenging to peel the ILM on the detached retina. Subretinal migration of indocyanine green, which is commonly used to facilitate ILM peeling, and subsequent toxicity is another concern.³ To resolve this problem, the authors introduce a two-step operation involving vitrectomy and temporary silicone oil injection for the first part, and oil removal and ILM peeling for the second part.

Patients and methods

In this study, four consecutive patients who had been treated by a two-step surgery for myopic macular hole retinal detachments were followed for at least 2 years. Patients’ data were retrospectively reviewed.

Surgical technique

First operation

A standard three-port pars plana vitrectomy was performed. After complete vitrectomy and posterior hyaloid separation were completed, air–fluid exchange and then silicone oil injection were performed. The patient was asked to maintain a facedown position for 2 weeks postoperatively.

Second operation

The second operation was performed 4–6 months after the first operation. First, phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocular lens insertion were performed in patients who had developed cataract after the first operation (patients 2, 3, and 4). Three standard pars plana sclerotomies were made, and silicone oil was removed using a 20-gauge soft cannula. After careful examination of the posterior and peripheral retina, ILM peeling was performed. Triamcinolone crystal was used to improve visualization of the ILM. Two to three disc diameters of ILM were removed around the macular hole in a continuous curvilinear fashion. Air–fluid exchange was performed in two patients (patients 3 and 4), and additional total gas exchange was completed with sulfur hexafluoride to achieve 20% concentration in one patient (patient 4) with an evident macular hole margin.

Results

Preoperative demographics and postoperative results are summarized in Table 1. All patients had myopia greater than 5 diopters (range: −5.0 to −7.75 D). Axial length ranged from 25.1 to 29.9 mm. All second operations were performed 4–6 months after the first operation. Retinal reattachment was achieved in all four patients, and no patient showed recurrence during 24–32 months of follow-up after the second operation (Figure 1). Postoperative vision improved in all patients.

Figure 1 (A–C) Pictures of patient 3. Preoperative B-scan ultrasonography (A) shows that the detached retina is overhanging the posterior staphyloma. The retina of the posterior pole is detached preoperatively (B). After the second operation, the retina is completely reattached and shows appearance characteristic of high-myopic eye (C).

Table 1 Summary of patient characteristics and surgical results

Patient number	Preoperative clinical characteristics				Results of the second operation
	Sex/age (years)	Refraction (diopters)	Axial length (mm)	Preop BCVA	Interval between the first and second operations (months)	ILM peeling	Combined cataract surgery	Tamponade	Redetachment	BCVA before the second operation	Final BCVA after the second operation	Follow-up after the second operation (months)
1	F/60	−5.75	25.1	FC 30 cm	4	Yes	No	None	No	0.06	0.06	32
2	F/69	−5.00	25.4	HM	5	Yes	Yes	None	No	0.06	0.08	28
3	F/56	−7.75	29.9	FC 20 cm	6	Yes	Yes	Air	No	HM	0.15	24
4	F/73	−5.25	25.7	FC 30 cm	4	Yes	Yes	SF6 20%	No	0.04	0.04	26

Abbreviations: Preop, preoperative; BCVA, best-corrected visual acuity; ILM, internal limiting membrane; FC, finger count; HM, hand movement.

Discussion

Macular holes are often accompanied by retinal detachment in high-myopic patients, and rarely in nonmyopic patients. The two main risk factors for retinal detachment include tangential traction⁴ and posterior staphyloma.¹ To resolve these problems, various surgical techniques have been tried with variable success rates.

Some authors advocate the use of macular buckling to overcome the geometric imbalance between the neurosensory retina and the retinal pigment epithelium–choroid–sclera complex caused by posterior staphyloma.¹ However, metamorphopsia due to distortion of the macular area and the difficulty of the technique have created concern as potential problems.

Various techniques involving vitrectomy have been used to reduce tangential traction around the macular hole, and these techniques have the potential to provide an anatomical success rate as high as 92.3% when used in combination with ILM peeling.^2,4 Enhanced retinal flexibility achieved by complete removal of the ILM and the overlying epiretinal membrane could counter the centrifugal force caused by posterior staphyloma.² However, this procedure can be challenging even for experienced surgeons, because of fluctuations of the detached retina. This can be partly overcome by counterpressure through bimanual technique² or the use of perfluorocarbon liquid;⁵ both of these methods can still be tricky for beginning retinal surgeons. Subretinal migration of indocyanine green through the macular hole is another concern, since this can cause retinal pigment epithelial toxicity.³

These two problems can be resolved by employing the two-step operation described here. Initial settling of a detached retina by vitrectomy and temporary silicone oil injection transforms the macular hole retinal detachment into a simple macular hole configuration, which most retinal surgeons are familiar with. ILM peeling can be performed successfully without any additional measures except for triamcinolone acetonide treatment to enhance visualization of the ILM. One disadvantage of this technique is that it requires two separate operations. However, it allows the surgeon to peel the ILM and epiretinal membrane more comfortably and completely, offering a higher success rate in this hard-to-treat type of retinal detachment.

The interval between the first and the second operation was determined arbitrarily. Several months in the current study may be too long to preserve the potential of the retina to improve in visual acuity. More experience will be required to determine the optimal timing for second operation.

Important limitations in our study were difficulty reaching a general conclusion due to a small number of patients. Since late recurrence and long axial length are traits common to retinal detachment due to a myopic macular hole, relatively short follow-up and short axial length of the patients may be other limitations. Also, there are still controversies over the effect of ILM peeling for retinal detachment due to a macular hole, and more importantly optical coherence tomography data regarding the macular hole status after the first surgery was not available.

Despite all these limitations, a quite favorable result was procured from this small pilot study. The results suggest that two-step approach to peel the ILM could be an option in treating retinal detachment due to a myopic macular hole, and would be helpful especially to beginning retinal surgeons who still are not comfortable peeling the ILM on a detached retina.

Disclosure

The author has no financial interest related to the article.