Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy and risk of cholecystectomy: a prospective cohort study

Abstract

Objective. Our aim of this study was to examine the association between the use of postmenopausal HRT and risk of cholecystectomy in Sweden, where the most common regimen of HRT (oral oestradiol in combination with testosterone-like progestin) has been different from those investigated in previous studies. Material and methods. We performed a prospective study of 27 892 postmenopausal women (aged 48–83 years) from the population-based Swedish Mammography Cohort. Use of HRT was assessed by a self-reported questionnaire at baseline in 1997, and the cohort was followed up through 2011 for procedures of cholecystectomy by linkage to the Swedish Patient Register. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results. During 362 728 person-years of follow-up (median 14 years), 995 cases of cholecystectomy were recorded. After adjustment for potential confounders, the HR of cholecystectomy was 1.52 (95% CI, 1.33–1.74) among ever users of HRT compared with never users. The risk did not differ by current or past use (p = 0.38) or duration of use (p = 0.65), but it did differ by indication of use (p = 0.006). Women who used HRT for systemic symptoms had a higher risk of cholecystectomy than those who used it for local symptoms (HR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.41–1.87 vs HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.97–1.50). Conclusions. This prospective study of postmenopausal women adds to the evidence that use of HRT may increase the risk of cholecystectomy.

Key Words::

• cholecystectomy
• epidemiology
• gallstone
• hormone replacement therapy

Acknowledgement

Funding: This work was funded by research grants from the Swedish Research Council/Committee for Infrastructure and the Board of Research at Karolinska Institutet (Distinguished Professor Award) to Alicja Wolk. Ethics and consent: Ethical approval was acquired from the Regional Ethical Board at Karolinska Institutet (Stockholm, Sweden), and return of a completed questionnaire was considered to imply informed consent.

Declaration of interest: The authors disclose no conflict of interest. All authors contributed to the design, participated in the statistical analyses, and writing of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved of the final version of the manuscript.