Principles underlying the Bilingual Aphasia Test (BAT) and its uses

Abstract

The Bilingual Aphasia Test (BAT) is designed to be objective (so it can be administered by a lay native speaker of the language) and equivalent across languages (to allow for a comparison between the languages of a given patient as well as across patients from different institutions). It has been used not only with aphasia but also with any condition that results in language impairment (Alzheimer's, autism, cerebellar lesions, developmental language disorders, mild cognitive impairment, motor neuron disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's, vascular dementia, etc.). It has also been used for research purposes on non-brain-damaged unilingual and bilingual populations. By means of its 32 tasks, it assesses comprehension and production of implicit linguistic competence and metalinguistic knowledge (which provide indications for apposite rehabilitation strategies). Versions of the BAT are available for free download at www.mcgill.ca/linguistics/research/bat/.

• equivalence criteria
• contrastive features
• procedural memory
• declarative memory
• multilingualism
• aphasia

Notes

1. It is thanks to this systematic procedure that we were able to gain access to the assessment of Patient A.M.'s pre-operative French proficiency level (Paradis and Goldblum, 1989), even though there was no obvious a priori reason to suspect subsequent language impairment, given that the cyst to be removed was in the right hemisphere.

2. Each criterion for the stimuli of each task is discussed in detail in Paradis and Libben (1987, Ch. 3).

3. Nilipour (1988, 1989); Nilipour and Ashayeri (1989); Mastronardi, Ferrante, Celli, Acqui, and Fortuna (1991); Aglioti and Fabbro (1993); Laine, Niemi, Koivuselkä-Salinen, Ahlsén, and Hyönä (1994); Fabbro and Paradis (1995a, b); Mimouni, Béland, Danault, and Idrissi (1995); Nilipour and Paradis (1995); Aglioti, Beltramello, Girardi, and Fabbro (1996); Martinell, Gil Saladie, and Delgado Gonzales (1997); Mimouni and Jarema (1997); Vilariño, Prieto, Robles, Lema, and Noya (1997); Nilipour (2000); Beland and Mimouni (2001); Moretti, Bava, Torre, Antonello, Zorzon, Zivadinov, and Gazzoto (2001a); Nilipour and Raghibdoust (2001); Peña-Casanova, Diéguez-Vide, Lluent, and Böhm (2001); Tsapkini, Jarema, and Kehayia (2001); Filiputti, Tavano, Vorano, De Luca, and Fabbro (2002); Semenza, Girelli, and Spacal (2002); Mariën, Abutalebi, Engelborghs, and De Deyn (2005); Goral, Levy, Obler, and Cohen (2006); Kiran and Lebel (2007); Marangolo, Rizzi, Peran, Piras, and Sabatini (2009); Azarpazhooh, Jahangiri, and Ghaleh (2010); Cantiani, Lorusso, Perego, and Guasti (2010); Goral, Levy, and Kastl (2010).

4. Fabbro, DeLuca, and Vorano (1996); Juncos-Rabadán and Rodríguez (1999); Lalor and Kirsner (2001); Hinckley (2003); Edmonds and Kiran (2004); Kiran and Edmonds (2004); Ansaldo, Marcotte, Scherer, and Raboyeau (2008); Miertsch, Meisel, and Isel (2009); Kiran and Roberts (2010).

5. Baker (1996); Fabbro, Peru, and Skrap (1997); Peru and Fabbro (1997); Fabbro, Skrap, and Aglioti (2000); Fabbro, Moretti, and Bava (2000); Fabbro, Alberti, Gagliardi, and Borgatti (2002); Royle, Jarema, and Kehayia (2002); Zanini, Tavano, Vorano, Schiavo, Gigli, Aglioti, and Fabbro (2004); Goral, Levy, Obler, and Cohen (2006); García-Caballero, García-Lado, González-Hermida, Area, Recimil, Juncos-Rabadán, Lamas, Ozaita, and Jorge (2007); Zanini, Tavano, and Fabbro (2010).

6. Moretti, Torre, Antonello, Capus, Gioulis, Marsala, Cazzato, and Bava (2001b); Moretti, Torre, Antonello, De Masi, and Cazzato (2001c); Zivadinov, De Masi, Nasuelli, Monti Bragadin, Ukmar, Pozzi-Mucelli, Grop, Cazzato, and Zorzon (2001b); Moretti, Bava, Torre, Antonello, and Cazzato (2002a); Moretti, Bava, Torre, Antonello, Ukmar, Longo, Cazzato, and Bava (2002b); Moretti, Torre, Antonello, Carraro, Zambito-Marsala, Ukmar, Capus, Gioulis, Cazzato, and Bava (2002c); Moretti, Torre, Antonello, Carraro, Cazzato, and Bava (2002d); Moretti, Torre, Antonello, Capus, Gioulis, Marsala, Cazzano, and Bava (2002e); Moretti, Torre, Antonello, Capus, Marsala, Cattaruzza, Cazzato, and Bava (2003); Borgatti, Tavano, Cristofori, and Fabbro (2004); Fabbro, Tavano, Corti, Bresolin, De Fabritiis, and Borgatti (2004a); Fabbro, Tavano, Cristofori, and Borgatti (2004b); Moretti, Torre, Antonello, Cattaruzza, and Cazzato (2005); Tavano, Fabbro, and Borgatti (2007); Tavano, Grasso, Gagliardi, Triulzi, Bresolin, Fabbro, and Borgatti (2007); Nilipour (2008); Schneider (2009); Fyndanis, Varlokosta, and Tsapkini (2010).

7. Semenza, Spacal, Girelli, and Kobal (1999); Juncos-Rabadán, Pereiro, and Souto Gómez (2001); Tsapkini, Jarema and Kehayia (2002); Chengappa, Daniel, and Bhat (2004); Kiran and Tuchtenhagen (2005); Faroqi-Shah and Waked (2010); Jarema, Perlak, and Semenza (2010).

8. Lehečkova (1999); Baker (2001); Service, Simola, Metsänheimo, and Maury (2002); Dong, Gui, and MacWhinney (2005); Van Borsel, Sunaert, and Engelen (2005); Paulin and Purdy (2008).

9. Juncos-Rabadán (1994); Hernandez and Kohnert(1999); Juncos-Rabadán and Pereiro (1999).

10. Juncos-Rabadán and Iglesias (1994); Juncos-Rabadán, Elosúa de Juan, Pereiro Rozas, and Torres Maroño (1998).

11. Hernandez, Martinez, and Kohnert (2000); Hernandez, Dapretto, Mazziotta, and Bookheimer (2001); Zivadinov, De Masi, Nasuelli, Monti Bragadin, Ukmar, Pozzi-Mucelli, Grop, Cazzato, and Zorzon (2001a); Vingerhoets, Van Borsel, Tesink, van den Noort, Deblaere, Seurinck, Vandemaele, and Achten (2003); van den Noort, Nordy, Bosch, and Hugdahl (2005); Abutalebi, Della Rosa, Tettamanti, Green, and Cappa (2009); Green, Grogan, Crinion, Ali, Sutton, and Price (2010).

12. Roux and Trémoulet (2002); Roux and Lubrano (2006); Giussani, Roux, Lubrano, Gaini, and Bello (2007).

13. Ekman, Wahlin, Viitanen, Norberg, and Winblad (1994); Jankelowitz and Bortz (1996); Nolin (1999); Muñoz and Marquardt (2003); Cameli, Phillips, Kousaie, and Panisset (2005); Tissen, Weber, Grande, and Guenther (2007); Lim, Lincoln, Chan, and Onslow (2008a); Lim, Liow, Lincoln, Chan, and Onslow (2008b).

14. Rose and Royle (1999); Fabbro, Libera, and Tavano (2002).

15. Zanini, Melatini, Capus, Gioulis, Vassallo, and Bava (2003).

16. Jankelowitz and Bortz (1996); Fabbro and Frau (2001); Fabbro (2003); Marini, Lorusso, D'Angelo, Civati, Turconi, Fabbro, and Bresolin (2007); Tissen et al. (2007); Lim et al. (2008a, b); Rosselli, Ardila, Navarrete, and Matute (2010).

17. Kukkonen (1993); Juncos-Rabadán (1994); Fabbro et al. (2004a); Lorusso, Galli, Libera, Gagliardi, Borgatti, and Hollebrandse (2007).

18. Marini, Tavano, and Fabbro (2008).

19. Cameli et al. (2005).

20. Adibeik (2010); Zanini et al. (2010).

21. Fabbro and Frau (2001).

22. Marini et al. (2007).

23. Postman (2004); Bhat and Chengappa (2005); Muñoz and Marquardt (2008); Ivanova and Hallowell (2009).

24. See for instance Baker (2001) and Paulin and Purdy (2008) for the BAT adaptations to Australian and New Zealand varieties of English, respectively.