Utilization of microbial community potential for removal of chlorpyrifos: a review

Abstract

Chlorpyrifos (CP) is the most commonly used pesticide in agricultural fields worldwide. Exposure to CP and its metabolites creates severe neuron-disorders in human beings. Improper handling and uncontrolled application of CP by farmers have lead to the contamination of surface and ground water bodies. Biodegradation offers an efficient and cost effective method for the removal of CP and other toxic organophosphorus pesticides from the contaminated environment. The degradation of CP by various microorganisms has been investigated by several researchers over the past few years. This review presents a critical summary of the recent published results on the biodegradation of CP. A diverse range of bacterial species such as Agrobacterium sp., Alcaligenes faecalis, Enterobacter sp. Arthrobacter sp. Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonas sp. etc., fungal species like Trichoderma viridae, Aspergillus niger, Verticillium sp., Acremonium sp. Cladosporium cladosporiodes, etc. and certain algal species viz. Chlorella vulgaris, Spirulina platensis, Synechocystis sp., etc., have been shown to degrade CP. The efficacy of these communities for CP degradation in batch and continuous modes has also been discussed but more studies are required on continuous reactors. Also, the available published information on kinetics of biodegradation of CP along with the available results on molecular biological approaches are discussed in this work.

• Biodegradation
• bioreactors
• chlorpyrifos
• microbes
• molecular approach
• TCP

Acknowledgements

NS and AKS are grateful to Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, India for financial assistance in the form of JRF and RA, respectively, SNU is grateful to the Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India for the award of emeritus fellowship.

Declaration of interest

The authors report no conflict of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the manuscript.