Ophthalmic Disparities in Transgender Patients

ABSTRACT

Transgender individuals experience unique challenges with regards to discrimination and access to health care. Further, their unique health-care needs and challenges lead to greater rates of morbidity. This article seeks to review the unique biology of transgender patients and the effects of cross-sex hormone therapy on ophthalmic and non-ophthalmic pathology. Attention is given to topics in neuro-ophthalmology, oculoplastics, and retinal disease.

Keywords:

• Disparity
• gender identity disorder
• neuro-ophthalmology
• oculoplastics
• transgenderism
• transsexualism

DECLARATION OF INTEREST

The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of this article.