Calculations of absorbed fractions in small water spheres for low-energy monoenergetic electrons and the Auger-emitting radionuclides¹²³Ι and ¹²⁵Ι

Abstract

Purpose: To calculate the absorbed fraction (AF) of low energy electrons in small tissue-equivalent spherical volumes by Monte Carlo (MC) track structure simulation and assess the influence of phase (liquid water versus density-scaled water vapor) and of the continuous-slowing-down approximation (CSDA) used in semi-analytic calculations. Methods: An event-by-event MC code simulating the transport of electrons in both the vapor and liquid phase of water using appropriate electron-water interaction cross sections was used to quantify the energy deposition of low-energy electrons in spherical volumes. Semi-analytic calculations within the CSDA using a convolution integral of the Howell range-energy expressions are also presented for comparison. Results: The AF for spherical volumes of radii from 10–1000 nm are presented for monoenergetic electrons over the energy range 100–10,000 eV and the two Auger-emitting radionuclides ¹²⁵I and ¹²³I. The MC calculated AF for the liquid phase are found to be smaller than those of the (density scaled) gas phase by up to 10–20% for the monoenergetic electrons and 10% for the two Auger-emitters. Differences between the liquid-phase MC results and the semi-analytic CSDA calculations are up to ∼ 55% for the monoenergetic electrons and up to ∼ 35% for the two Auger-emitters. Conclusions: Condensed-phase effects in the inelastic interaction of low-energy electrons with water have a noticeable but relatively small impact on the AF for the energy range and target sizes examined. Depending on the electron energies, the semi-analytic approach may lead to sizeable errors for target sizes with linear dimensions below 1 micron.

Keywords::

• Auger electron
• Monte Carlo
• liquid water
• cellular dosimetry