Apoptosis induction of cardiomyocytes and subsequent fibrosis after irradiation and neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Abstract

Purpose: Breast cancer treatments can induce important cardiovascular complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate cardiac alterations after irradiation and chemotherapy in an animal model.

Material and methods: Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Control, TC+ IR (received chemotherapy and irradiation) and IR (received only irradiation). After 5 months, echocardiography was performed, the animals were euthanized, and the left ventricle was analyzed using light microscopy techniques and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).

Results: Echocardiography showed decreases in ejection fraction and cardiac output, in TC+ IR group. Both TC+ IR and IR showed reduced intramyocardial vessel-to-cardiomyocyte ratio, increased connective tissue, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, increased numbers of apoptotic nuclei and increased Bax/Bcl2 expression. We also observed increased Transforming growth factor (TGF) beta 1 mRNA expression in both groups, but type 1 Procollagen expression was increased in TC+ IR group only.

Conclusions: The study suggests that the induced cardiac remodelling begins with the reduction of intramyocardial vessels in the left ventricle tissue. The main consequence is the loss of cardiomyocytes through apoptosis, leading to the replacement of healthy tissue by fibrous tissue. It was observed that the damage caused by the combination of irradiation and chemotherapy induced functional alterations that did not occur when the animals were only irradiated.

Keywords::

• Chemo/radiotherapy
• heart
• apoptosis
• fibrosis
• breast cancer

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the sources of support, Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Faperj) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), and also the nurses and physicists from the Centro de Terapia Oncológica (CTO) and from the Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho HUCFF hospital.

Declaration of interest

The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.