Participation frequency and perceived participation restrictions at older age: applying the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework

Abstract

Purpose. To identify variables from different components of International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) associated with older people's participation frequency and perceived participation restrictions.

Method. Participants (N  ==  186) were community-living, 65–88 years old and 52%% men. The dependent variables, participation frequency (linear regression) and perceived participation restrictions (logistic regression), were measured using The Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument. Independent variables were selected from various ICF components.

Results. Higher participation frequency was associated with living in urban rather than rural community (β  ==  2.8, p  <  0.001), physically active lifestyle (β  ==  4.6, p  <  0.001) and higher cognitive function (β  ==  0.3, p  ==  0.009). Lower participation frequency was associated with being older (β  ==  −0.2, p  ==  0.002) and depressive symptoms (β  ==  −0.2, p  ==  0.029). Older adults living in urban areas, having more advanced lower extremities capacity, or that were employed had higher odds of less perceived participation restrictions (adjusted odds ratio [[OR]]  ==  5.5, p  ==  0.001; OR  ==  1.09, p  <  0.001; OR  ==  3.7, p  ==  0.011; respectively). In contrast, the odds of less perceived participation restriction decreased as depressive symptoms increased (OR  ==  0.8, p  ==  0.011).

Conclusions. Our results highlight the importance of capturing and understanding both frequency and restriction aspects of older persons' participation. ICF may be a helpful reference to map factors associated with participation and to study further potentially modifiable influencing factors such as depressive symptoms and advanced lower extremity capacity.

Keywords:

• Participation
• elderly
• ICF
• rural
• residence
• depressive symptoms
• lower extremity capacity

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to thank participants of the study and Franzi Rokoske for her valuable contribution to the preparation of this manuscript. This research was supported by grants from the Icelandic Research Fund (050410031); the University of Akureyri Research Fund; the KEA University Fund; the Erik and Anne-Marie Detlof's Fundation, Umeå University; the JC Kempe Memorial Foundation; the Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University; the Icelandic Physical Therapy Association; the Icelandic Gerontological Society; and the Icelandic Gerontological Council.