Abstract
Contraction-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in oxidative stress to skeletal muscle for the past few decades. As research advances more evidence has revealed a more complete role of ROS under both physiological and pathological conditions. The current review postulated that moderate intensity of physical exercise has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects due to the operation and cross-talks of several redox-sensitive signal transduction pathways. The functional roles and mechanisms of action of the nuclear factor κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α are highlighted.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (WARF), University of Minnesota Twin Cities, the Natural Science Foundation of China, and Tianjin Municipal Sci-tech-innovation Base Project for financial support.
Declaration of interest
The authors report no declarations of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.