Current development in non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation products, isoprostanoids and isofuranoids, in novel biological samples

Abstract

Isoprostanoids and isofuranoids are lipid mediators that can be formed from omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). F₂-isoprostanes formed from arachidonic acid, especially 15-F_2t-isoprostane, are commonly measured in biological tissues for decades as the biomarker for oxidative stress and diseases. Recently, other forms of isoprostanoids derived from adrenic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids namely F₂-dihomo-isoprostanes, F₃-isoprostanes, and F₄-neuroprostanes respectively, and isofuranoids including isofurans, dihomo-isofurans, and neurofurans are reported as oxidative damage markers for different metabolisms. The most widely used samples in measuring lipid peroxidation products include but not limited to the blood and urine; other biological fluids, specialized tissues, and cells can also be determined. In this review, measurement of isoprostanoids and isofuranoids in novel biological samples by gas chromatography (GC)–mass spectrometry (MS), GC–MS/MS, liquid chromatography (LC)–MS, and LC–MS/MS will be discussed.

Keywords::

• isoprostanes
• neuroprostanes
• dihomo-isoprostanes
• dihomo-isofurans
• adrenic acid

Acknowledgments

We thank The University of Hong Kong Seed Funding Programme for Basic Research (No. 104001590 and 10400239) for the generous support of our work.

Declaration of interest

The authors do not have any financial and commercial associations that might create a conflict of interest in connection with this article.