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Ketamine Use

Near-Death States Reported in a Sample of 50 Misusers

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Pages 916-924 | Published online: 23 Apr 2010
 

Abstract

Increase in recreational ketamine use may be a cause for concern. We aimed here at assessing, in a sample of ketamine misusers, concordance between the typical near-death experience (NDE) features and the on-drug psychoactive effects the subjects experienced. In 2003–2005, a sample of previous ketamine misusers recollecting a ketamine-related NDE were recruited through snowballing and screened with the means of the Greyson NDE Scale; 125 participants made an initial contact with the researcher and 50 reported a minimum score of seven at the “Greyson NDE Scale”. Interviewees were in the range 21–66 years old; 27 participants (54%) were educated at BA level, 18 (36%) had an MSc, and 5 (10%) a PhD. Eight (16%) interviewees had a definite religious background. An average lifetime ketamine intake of 140 occasions was reported by the interviewees, who typically presented with a polydrug, including cannabis and MDMA/ecstasy, misuse history. In 45 (90%) cases, the NDE occurred during the first few occasions of intake. Most frequent features of reported NDE states included: altered perception of time (90%), strong sense of detaching from own physical body (88%), and a sense of peace/joy (76% of subjects). Although results here described were elicited from a self-selected, nonrandomized, limited size sample of misusers, we suggest that recreational ketamine intake may be associated with occurrence of near-death related states.

RÉSUMÉ

Evaluation des ‘Expériences de Mort Imminente’ engendrées par l’usage de la Kétamine chez un échantillon de 50 toxicomanes

L’augmentation de l’usage de la Kétamine à des fins non-médicales peut être un facteur d’inquiétude. Notre but était d’évaluer la concordance entre les caractéristiques typiques de l’expérience de mort imminente (EMI) et les effets psychoactifs du stupéfiant chez un échantillon de drogués à la Kétamine (ou consommateurs de Kétamine). En 2003–2005, un échantillon d’anciens drogués à la Kétamine a été constitué et examiné selon l’Echelle EMI de Greyson. Un contact initial eut lieu entre 125 participants et le chercheur et 50 ont obtenu le niveau minimum de 7 selon cette échelle. Les interviewés étaient âgés de 21 à 66 ans. 27 (54%) possédaient un diplôme universitaire;18 (36%) avaient une Maitrise et 5 (10%) un Doctorat. Huit (16%) d’entre eux étaient membres d’une religion définie. Les personnes interviewées rapportèrent avoir consommé la Kétamine en moyenne 140 fois dans leur vie, ainsi que d’autres drogues dont le cannabis et l’ecstasy. Dans 45 (90%) des cas l’état EMI eut lieu lors des toutes premières consommations. Les caractéristiques les plus fréquentes de l’état EMI comprennent: perception altérée du temps (90%); expérience de sortie de corps (88%); extase/sensation d’apaisement (76% des sujets). Bien que les résultats décrits ici soient issus d’un échantillonnage limité de toxicomanes volontaires, non choisis au hasard, cette étude suggère que l’usage non-médical de la Kétamine peut être associé à la survenance des états EMI et cela soulève des inquiétudes.

Mots clés: Kétamine (ou spécial k); toxicomanie; expérience de mort imminente (EMI); expérience de sortie de corps (ESC)

RESUMEN

Experiencias ‘cerca de la muerte’ inducidas por Ketamina en una muestra de 50 consumidores.

El aumento en el consumo ilícito de Ketamina es un hecho preocupante. El objetivo del estudio consistió en valorar en una muestra de consumidores de Ketamina la concordancia entre experiencias subjetivas de estar cercano a la muerte y otros efectos psicoactivos bajo el efecto de la droga. Se reclutaron participantes con dichas experiencias y fueron evaluados con la escala ‘Greyson NDE’ entre 2003 y Citation. 125 participantes fueron contactados, de los cuales 50 puntuaron al menos 7 en dicha escala. Las edades de los sujetos estaban comprendidas entre 21 y 66 años. 27 participantes (54%) poseían una licenciatura universitaria, 18 (36%) habían hecho un Master y 5 (10%) tenían un doctorado. 8 sujetos (16%) se identificaron con una creencia religiosa concreta. Los muestrados reportaron una media de consumo total de 140 experiencias con ketamina, presentando un perfil de politoxicomanía en la que el cannabis y el éxtasis predominaban en su historia de consumo. En 45 casos (90%) la experiencia de estar cerca de la muerte se asoció a las primeras ocasiones en que la Ketamina fue consumida. Las características más típicas de esta experiencia que fueron encontradas en la muestra estaban relacionadas con: percepción alterada del tiempo (88%); una sensación vívida de morir y de distanciarse del mundo físico (88%); una sensación de paz/regocijo (72%). Aunque los resultados aquí descritos se recogieron a través de una muestra no aleatoria, autoseleccionada y con un número limitado de participantes, los datos parecen sugerir que el uso ilícito de Ketamina puede estar asociado con la ocurrencia de estados subjetivos de estar cerca de la muerte. Tales datos son un resultado preocupante.

Palabras Clave: ketamina; toxicomanía; experiencias cerca de la muerte; experiencias extracorporales.

THE AUTHORS

Ornella Corazza MA, PhD is a medical anthropologist and Fellow at the School of Pharmacy at the University of Hertfordshire and Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London. Previously, she has held Fellowships at the University of Padua (Italy), University of Bochum (Germany) and at the Centre of Excellence on Death and Life Studies at the University of Tokyo (Japan). Before joining the Psychonaut Web Mapping project in 2009, she worked as Research Manager for the Directorate for Children's Services in London, where she contributed to various global projects targeted at the well-being of young people using ICT. She is author of various academic publications, including the book ‘Near-Death Experiences: exploring the mind-body connection’ (Routledge, 2008). Her current research interests include: addictions; dissociation; ketamine experiences; telematic culture; and quality of life.

Fabrizio Schifano, M.D., MRC.Psych., is one of the very few European physicians with training and specialist qualifications in both psychiatry and clinical pharmacology. Contribution has been made to several areas in addiction psychiatry, including: stimulant synthetic drugs, drug mortality studies, and Internet and drugs.

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