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Abstract
Tobacco use among Chinese adolescents is increasing at approximately 80,000 new smokers per day. Assessing the causes for initiating tobacco use in China will be important in developing effective interventions and policies to stem rising prevalence rates. This study tested predictors of Resilience Theory in a sample of 602 Chinese adolescents. Results revealed that prior adversity, measured through school and family-related events, was significantly associated with increased smoking in females. Family factors (i.e., family cohesion, family adaptability, parental monitoring) and one personal factor (i.e., academic score) were associated with lower odds for smoking due to prior adversity and negative disposition.
RÉSUMÉ
Les facteurs de prévention familiaux et personnels modèrent les effets de l’adversité et des tendances négatives du tabagisme des adolescents chinois.
La consommation de tabac des adolescents chinois augmente d’environ 80,000 nouveaux fumeurs par jour. Il sera important d’évaluer les causes de l’initiation au tabagisme en Chine afin de développer des mesures et politiques efficaces d’enrayement de la hausse du taux de prévalence. Cette étude a testé les indices de la Théorie de la Résilience dans un échantillon de 602 adolescents chinois. Les résultats, mesurés à l’école et lors d’évènements familiaux, montrent que l’adversité était associée de façon significative à une augmentation du tabagisme chez les femmes. Des facteurs familiaux (ex : cohésion familiale, adaptabilité familiale, contrôle parental) et des facteurs personnels (ex : résultats scolaires) sont associés à une plus faible chance de tabagisme en raison de dispositions négatives.
RESUMEN
Los factores protectores familiares y personales moderan los efectos de la adversidad y la disposición negativa sobre el fumar entre adolescentes chinos.
El uso del tabaco entre adolescentes chinos está aumentando con aproximadamente 80.000 nuevos fumadores por día. Evaluando las causas de la iniciación del uso del tabaco en China será importante en desarrollando intervenciones y políticas eficaces para contener el aumento en el predominio. Este estudio examinó los pronosticadores de la teoría de resistencia en una muestra de 602 adolescentes chinos. Los resultados revelaron que adversidad anterior, medida a través de los acontecimientos escolares y familiares, fue asociada con el fumar creciente en mujeres. Los factores familiares (es decir, cohesión de la familia, adaptabilidad de la familia, supervisión parental) y un factor personal (es decir, cuenta académica) fueron asociados con probabilidades más bajas para fumar debido a la adversidad anterior y a la disposición negativa.
THE AUTHORS
T. Em Arpawong, MPH, is working on her PhD in health behavior research at the University of Southern California. Her research interests involve applying social, ecological, and behavioral research theories to examine the determinants for self-management and prevention of chronic disease. In the past, her research activities have included coordinating a longitudinal evaluation of a California Senate Bill aimed at lowering rates of obesity and Type 2 diabetes in school children, studying environmental determinants of childhood cancer, and evaluating quality of care in publicly funded health insurance programs for children and adolescents. She earned her MPH at the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, and her BA in Biology from Oberlin College.
Megan C. Chang, MS, PhD, received her PhD in occupational science and master's in applied biostatistics and epidemiology from the University of Southern California. Her research interests include examining psychosocial and physiological risks related to health-related behaviors and occupation in various populations. She is currently a statistician and data manager at the Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research at the University of Southern California.
Peggy E. Gallaher, PhD, is a researcher at the School of Community and Global Health at the Claremont Graduate University. A psychometrician by training, she designed the surveys for this study and oversaw the translation and validation process. She is also the main psychometrician on several other large-scale studies of adolescent health in China and the United States.
Qian Guo, PhD, MPH, is a research analyst in the Department of Public Health, Los Angeles County, (LAC/DPH). Dr. Guo obtained her master's in public health and PhD from the University of Southern California. Prior to her work at LAC/DPH, she worked for 11 years as a public health doctor at a China municipal center for disease control and prevention, and then on the planning, implementation, and evaluation of behavior research activities at the University of Southern California for 9 years.
C. Anderson (Andy) Johnson, PhD, is a University Professor and Dean of the School of Community and Global Health at the Claremont Graduate University. He is principal investigator of the Pacific Rim Transdisciplinary Tobacco & Alcohol Use Research Center (PR TTAURC) (funded by the National Cancer Institute, National Institute on Drug Abuse, and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism) and principal investigator and director of the China Seven Cities Study (NCI, Garfield Endowment), and the Pacific Rim Global Health Framework (NIH Fogarty Center). He is also principal investigator of a study on the long-term psychological impact of the Indian Ocean tsunami on victims in Sri Lanka and India. Dr. Johnson is a visiting professor of public health at the Peking University and a member of the advisory committee for the community-based hypertension prevention and control program, a national study of health behavior related to hypertension, at the Peking University. His research focuses on social, psychological, and neurocognitive-based approaches to the prevention of dysfunctional appetitive behaviors including tobacco, alcohol, and drug abuse, and obesity-related behavior. His current work focuses on individual dispositional characteristics and social environmental contexts as they work in combination (culture by environment and genetic phenotype by environment interactions) to affect tobacco and alcohol use trajectories and prevention at different points in the trajectories. Dr. Johnson's PhD was in social psychology with an emphasis on neurocognitive science from Duke University, and his early postdoctoral work was in environmental psychology and epidemiology at the National Bureau of Standards and the University of Minnesota, respectively. He was Sidney Garfield Professor and founding director of the Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research (IPR) at the University of Southern California for 28 years before moving to Claremont Graduate University in March of 2008.
Dr. Ping Sun graduated in 1999 from the Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of Southern California. He has been working on the study of etiology of substance use and interventions among youth. His most recent research interests involve exploring the genetic and environmental risk factors of the general propensity of addiction, which may be reflected as substance use or process addiction.
Jennifer B. Unger, PhD, is a professor of Community and Global Health at the Claremont Colleges. Her research interests include cultural aspects of adolescent health risk behaviors.
Pang Zeng-Chang, MD, consultant of the Public Health, Qingdao Municipal Health Bureau, was born in November 1953. He graduated from the Academy of Life Sciences, China Ocean University in July 1974. He is occupied in many social pluralities, as he is the chairman of Qingdao Twins Health Promotion Association and serves on the board of directors of the Qingdao Preventive Medicine Association. Professor Pang has been engaged in the work of disease control and prevention for more than 30 years, particularly in the epidemiology of contagious and noncontagious diseases, as well as the control and study of pathogenic biology.