Risk stratification and short-term prognosis in acute heart failure syndromes: A review of novel biomarkers

Abstract

Background: Early risk stratification of patients with acute heart failure syndrome (AHFS) can guide the decision to admit the patient to hospital and the choice of therapy.

Methods: Standard review methodology using Medline and Google scholar from the years 2006–present. Papers before 2006 were reviewed when necessary.

Results: Biomarkers used in AHFS are broadly classified based on their mechanism of action: inflammation, renal stress, extracellular matrix remodeling, oxidative stress, cardiac myocyte stress, and neurohormonal regulation.

Conclusion: This paper provides a review for clinicians and medical scientists highlighting the most recent advances in biomarkers with application in AHFS.

Keywords::

• Heart failure
• risk stratification
• biomarkers